After her initial round of treatment, what did Henrietta's doctor assume about the effectiveness of the radium therapy?

In Chapters 4 and 5 of the Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, readers learn that Henrietta has been diagnosed with invasive cervical carcinomas. The standard treatment for patients diagnosed with invasive cancer was to use radium, “a white radioactive metal that glows an eerie blue,” to shrink the tumors. Many hospitals believed that radium was safer and more effective than surgery for treating cervical cancer. Initially, Henrietta’s doctors assumed her treatment was a success. “At that point doctors liked what they saw. They saw her cervix was a bit red from the treatment, but the tumor was shrinking.” For weeks, doctors believed the treatment had been successful. It was only after Henrietta’s continued complaints of pain, and a subsequent X-ray, did they learn that the radium treatments were not successful and Henrietta’s tumor had grown and spread to other parts of her body.

In Of Mice and Men, why does Lennie constantly get into trouble?

Lennie gets into trouble because he is childlike and doesn’t really have any impulse control. 

Lennie is a developmentally delayed man who happens to be incredibly strong.  He has the mental age of a child.  As a result, he often gets into trouble.  This is why he travels around with George, who looks out for him, takes care of him, and laments how much trouble he is. 

"God, you're a lot of trouble," said George. "I could get along so easy and so nice if I didn't have you on my tail. I could live so easy and maybe have a girl." (Ch. 1) 

Lennie’s main problems are that he doesn’t know his own strength and that he likes to touch soft things.  This is why they got run out of Weed, a small town in Northern California where Lennie wanted to “feel” a lady’s dress.  She thought he wanted something else.  She was scared.  He was scared because she was scared, and held on to her dress.  The next thing you know, George and Lennie were on the run. 

This incident foreshadows the trouble Lennie gets into later with Curley and his wife. In the case of Curley, Lennie was just minding his own business, smiling about the ranch he and George would have one day.  The other reason Lennie always got into trouble was that he was not aware of the world around him and could not pick up social cues. He had no idea that smiling would be seen as a threat by Curley.  Curley picked a fight, and George allowed Lennie to fight back.  Lennie got scared. He did not let go of Curley’s hand, smashing it badly. 

Smashing Curley’s hand was nothing compared to what Lennie did to his wife.  He was minding his own business in the barn, stroking his puppy (who did not survive the encounter) when she came in.  She was lonely and wanted someone to talk to.  She didn’t realize that he was dangerous because she found his childlike nature disarming.  He never meant to be dangerous.  However, she offered him her hair to stroke.  When he did not let go, she panicked.

"You let go!"

Lennie was in a panic. His face was contorted. She screamed then, and Lennie's other hand closed over her mouth and nose. "Please don't," he begged. "Oh! Please don't do that. George'll be mad." (Ch. 5) 

Lennie did not mean to kill her.  He got scared, just like with the lady’s dress and with Curley’s hand.  Lennie knew enough to go hide where George told him to. After he realized that Curley and the other men would come to kill Lennie, George shot Lennie to spare him from drawn-out suffering.  He was protecting him, because he was his responsibility.

What is the symbolism of the island in Lord of the Flies?

In the novel, Lord of the Flies by William Golding, the island represents the microcosm of the world the boys have left behind.  The island is by itself with no other people nearby, so the boys have space to create their own ideal world. As they are civilized British boys, the reader would expect the island to be run as they have been taught--with rules, leaders etc.  However, as the reader soon learns, the island as a symbol of their world and how they will create it turns into a deadly mockery of the original idea.  As a microcosm of the "civilized world" they left behind which is currently at war, the boys soon reflect the  image of war among themselves, with two leaders, Ralph and Jack, at war with each other just as they are in the world outside of the island.  Only the navy captain's appearance at the end of the novel, saves Ralph from death, and the boys board the ship, leaving the microcosm of the island to return to the macrocosm of the world outside of the island.  Both the island and the outside world are like each other with death and destruction happening in war.

How much unsaturated fat is there in a 25 g packet of crisps?

The amount of unsaturated fats depend on the type of crisps and the brand. Here are few examples of quantity of unsaturated fat in a 25 gm pack of crisps:

• Walkers Crisps: Total unsaturated fats = 7 gm ( 1 gm polysaturated fats and 6 gm monosaturated fats)


• Salt and Vinegar/ Cheddar Cheese and Vinegar Crisps: Total unsaturated fats = 7.1 gm ( 1 gm polysaturated fats and 6.1 gm monosaturated fats)


• Walkers Beef and Onion/ Roast Chicken: Total unsaturated fats = 7 gm ( 1 gm polysaturated fats and 6 gm monosaturated fats)


• Walkers Salt and Shake- Original crisps: total unsaturated fats = 7.4 gm


• Walkers Ready Salted: total unsaturated fats = 7.3 gm


• Snack Factory Pretzel crisps: unsaturated fat ~ 1.5 gm


• Kettle Brand Potato Chips: unsaturated fats ~ 8 gm

There can be a large number of other options. We can see that Walkers crisps contain about 7 gm of unsaturated fats in a pack of 25 g. There are other options available as well, both with higher and lower fat content.

Hope this helps. 

How is the theme of guilt portrayed and explored in Act 5 scene 1 in Macbeth

In this scene, Lady Macbeth reveals her guilt through her actions while she walks in her sleep. The scene opens with one of Lady Macbeth's servants consulting a doctor about the worrisome sleepwalking. The two watch as the sleepwalking Lady Macbeth compulsiviely washes her hands. The servant tells the doctor that Lady Macbeth will sometimes "continue in this a quarter of an hour."

As she washes, Lady Macbeth says "out damned spot" and wonders that the "old man" had so much blood in him. Her unconscious need to wash off Duncan's blood, and her unconscious conviction that she can never wash the blood or its scent away, both reveal the guilt she feels. The doctor says she is carrying something heavy on her heart. Lady Macbeth goes on, in her sleep, to say that Banquo cannot come out of his grave, once again displaying her guilt as well as her subconscious fear that he can come back to haunt her. 

The doctor judges that Lady Macbeth has an uneasy conscience, saying:

Infected minds

To their deaf pillows will discharge their secrets.

More needs she the divine than the physician.

When he says she needs "more needs the divine that the physician," he understands that she is suffering from a spiritual or psychological malady, not a physical problem that he can solve. 

What is the setting of Chapter 2 of To Kill a Mockingbird?

Chapter 2 of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird is set in the Maycomb school. In this chapter, Scout attends school for the first time, where she meets her teacher, Caroline Fisher. Scout describes her as having "bright auburn hair and pink cheeks" and looking like and smelling like "a peppermint drop." Most of the children in the classroom, on the other hand, are "ragged, denim-shirted and floursack-skirted." The children in Maycomb are largely from poor farming families, and Ms. Caroline, an outsider, doesn't really understand them. 

Ms. Caroline tells Scout that her father, Atticus, should not teach her to read, as it interferes with her learning. Ms. Caroline doesn't understand that Scout has picked up reading naturally. Ms. Caroline also tells Walter Cunningham that he can borrow a quarter for lunch and pay her back tomorrow, not understanding that Walter comes from a very poor family and could never pay her back. When Scout attempts to explain the situation to Miss Caroline, the teacher slaps her with a ruler. In this chapter, Scout interacts with the larger Maycomb community and realizes that she doesn't always understand the world around her. 

What was the British policy of salutary neglect? Why did the British follow this policy? What consequences did it have to the British colonies in...

Salutary neglect refers to Britain's unofficial policy of not strictly enforcing Parliamentary laws in the colonies. Britain practised salutary neglect throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and for practical reasons: America's distance from Britain made it impossible for the government to keep a constant eye on the colonists. They knew, for example, that the colonists bought goods from France and Spain and did nothing to stop it - even though it was technically against British law. Quite simply, it was too expensive for Britain to maintain a full and constant presence in America when it had so many other affairs to tend to. 

As a result of salutary neglect, the colonists enjoyed a degree of self-government which, over time, they cherished and would fiercely protect. They were not accustomed to Britain enforcing trade laws in the colonies so, when this began to happen in the 1763 with the passing of the Navigation Act, they felt that Britain's actions were a direct threat to their liberties and freedoms. Britain continued to pass and enforce restrictive trade laws throughout the 1760s, like the Intolerable Acts, which set many Americans thinking strongly about independence. 

In John Steinbeck's novel, Of Mice And Men, how are George and Lennie depicted as being different from the other migrant workers?

In chapter one, at Lennie's excited insistence, we learn from George what makes them different from other ranch hands when he tells him:

"Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no fambly. They don't belong no place. They come to a ranch an' work up a stake and then they go into town and blow their stake, and the first thing you know they're poundin' their tail on some other ranch. They ain't got nothing to look ahead to."

George means that ranch hands like themselves are extremely lonely and are migratory. They do not have stability, nor an actual home or family to go to, they are without an anchor. They arrive at ranches and work to earn money and save, but then go to town and waste all their hard-earned cash and are soon  working their tails off on another ranch. They have nothing to look forward to and therefore live aimless lives.

He continues and states how he and Lennie are different:

"With us it ain't like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. We don't have to sit in no bar room blowin' in our jack jus' because we got no place else to go. If them other guys gets in jail they can rot for all anybody gives a damn. But not us."

The two of them share a companionship and care about each other, unlike the others. The have something to look forward to and do not have to sit in a saloon and waste all their money because they have nowhere else to go. If one of the other men should be arrested and spend time in prison, they might as well die there because there is no one to care about them. But with the two of them it is different, since they have each other.

It is clear from their conversation that George and Lennie have a definite plan. They are going to buy a little house and farm with a few animals and till the land they have obtained. As Lennie puts it, they are going to, 'live off the fatta the lan' .' It is this which anchors the two men and give them hope for the future, unlike all the other ranch hands, who live disparaging, frustrated and depressing lives - a continuous and mundane, almost purposeless, existence.

What passages are examples of direct and indirect characterization of Tom Robinson in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird?

An author creates direct characterization by coming out and describing a character's traits, often through the voice of the narrator. In contrast, an author creates indirect characterization by showing a reader what a character is like rather than telling the reader. The reader is able to figure out the character's traits through the character's actions, things the character says, and even through other characters' responses to that character. Harper Lee mostly uses indirect characterization to tell the reader the few things we know about Tom Robinson in To Kill a Mockingbird.

One example of indirect characterization occurs early on in the book, soon after Atticus is given the case. In Chapter 9, Scout faces ridicule for the first time due to her father's decision to take the case, and that ridicule comes in the form of Cecil Jacobs announcing in the schoolyard that Scout's "daddy defended niggers." Since Scout is beginning to face ridicule, Atticus knows he must tell her a bit about Tom Robinson and the case so that she can begin to understand why taking the case is necessary. Author Lee first indirectly characterizes Tom Robinson through the information about him Atticus gives to Scout:

He's a member of Calpurnia's church, and Cal knows his family well. She says they're clean-living folks. (Ch. 9)

This indirect description of Robinson counts as Calpurnia's response to Robinson and is actually very informative since the reader already knows quite a bit about Calpurnia. We know she is a very morally upright person and would never be good friends with anyone who was not equally morally upright. Therefore, since we learn through this description that Robinson is a good friend of Cal's and a member of her church, we are also indirectly learning that Robinson is as equally spiritual and morally upright as Cal and, hence, most likely innocent of what he is being accused of.

What significance is there to Hamlet's exchange with Rosencrantz, Guildenstern and Polonius at the end of Act 3, Scene 2 of Hamlet?

The conversations between Hamlet and the other three transpire soon after the players have presented their play, 'The Mousetrap' at Hamlet's urging. He had noticed Claudius' reaction to the murder scene which exactly reflected the manner in which his father had been assassinated. Claudius was very upset and rushed out, which to Hamlet, was proof of his guilt. Guildenstern asks to speak to Hamlet to inform him that the king had taken ill and that his mother had sent him to Hamlet, supposedly to discover what was troubling him.

Rosencrantz's purpose is to tell Hamlet that his mother is very upset about the fact that he has insulted the king by staging the play, and that she therefore wishes to talk to him. Hamlet, realising that his two so-called friends have become pawns in the hands of Claudius, plays word games with them, using ambiguity and double entendre to confuse them even more. He toys with them because he realizes that they are being deceitful and are being manipulated by Claudius.

Hamlet distracts Rosencrantz from the main purpose of his enquiry, and starts talking about playing a recorder, which he asks him to do. Rosencranrz declares that he has no knowledge of the instrument and cannot play it. Hamlet's speech hereafter pointedly indicates his frustration and anger with his so-called friends:

Why, look you now, how unworthy a thing you make of
me! You would play upon me; you would seem to know
my stops; you would pluck out the heart of my
mystery; you would sound me from my lowest note to
the top of my compass: and there is much music,
excellent voice, in this little organ; yet cannot
you make it speak. 'Sblood, do you think I am
easier to be played on than a pipe? Call me what
instrument you will, though you can fret me, yet you
cannot play upon me.

Hamlet most clearly expresses that he is insulted by the two men's assumption that they can 'play' him when they cannot even play such a simple instrument. They believe that they can get to the depths of his emotions, yet they cannot even get as much as a sound from the pipe. He says that they may be able to play on his strings, but they cannot 'play' him, i.e. they cannot fool him so easily. He is disgusted by their foolhardy attempts to get to what drives him.

When Polonius arrives, Hamlet plays the same game with him. He makes a fool of the old man who mindlessly and like a typical sycophant, agrees with whatever he says. When Polonius informs him that Queen Gertrude wishes to see him he replies that he will be there soon, it is an easy task. He further states that they (either those he is currently speaking to or Claudius and the queen) will easily agree to whatever he tells them, just as Polonius has just done.

Hamlet now realizes that they are all plotting against him and he also feels that, on this night, evil is afoot. The night breathes out all its evil and he is at a point where he could commit the greatest depravity. He however promises that he would not bring harm to his mother. He might chastise her with his tongue but he would not physically hurt her, like the evil Nero did when he murdered his mother. Hamlet's determination is clear. He has now finally made up his mind to take action. He is not driven only by Claudius' actions, but also by those of his mother, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, as well as Polonius.  

What influenced Nora's self-identity in A Doll's House?

At the start of Ibsen's play, A Doll's House, Nora's identity was influenced by her husband and by society's expectations of how women should behave. During the time the play was written, the 1870's, women took a subservient position to men, especially their husbands, and they had few rights--they could not vote, could not sign loans, and would not have custody of the children in the case of a divorce. Nora's husband, Torvald, reinforces these gender roles by treating Nora like a child and as if she is only in his life as a possession or decoration. Her father has also treated her this way her entire life. Therefore, her identity has been shaped by the men in her life and by society; she feels and acts like a fragile, helpless woman. Later, her identity transforms when she realizes that she must claim her independence regardless of the cost. She recognizes how unfairly her husband has treated her and the problems of society's expectations for women, and has decided she has to make a change.

What are some ways that the Friar wanted to help end the feud in Romeo and Juliet?

In the prologue of Romeo and Juliet, a longstanding, violent feud between two families is introduced:

Two households, both alike in dignity,

In fair Verona, where we lay our scene,

From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,

Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.

As the play begins, we learn that the feud is between the Montague (Romeo’s family) and the Capulet (Juliet’s family) families. With the word “ancient” mentioned in the prologue, we can assume that this feud has been going on for generations. In fact, both the younger and older generation continue to feud publicly, forcing the Prince to issue a decree of banishment for more disruptions of peace.

The consequences of this feud impact Romeo and Juliet’s relationship. Heartbroken, Romeo is convinced by his friends to crash the Capulet ball. Upon laying eyes on Juliet, he is smitten with her (Act I, Scene V):

Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight,

For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night.

When Romeo and Juliet figure out that they are from feuding families, Romeo continues to pursue her while Juliet thinks through the consequences of relationship a bit more carefully, considering their families’ histories. In the end, they decide to pursue marriage.

Early in the morning, Romeo visits the Friar to ask him to marry them. The Friar is understandably shocked because just moments ago, Romeo was “in love” with Rosaline (Act II, Scene II):

Holy Saint Francis, what a change is here!

Is Rosaline, whom thou didst love so dear,

So soon forsaken?

While the Friar doesn’t believe that Romeo is truly in love with Juliet, he begins to meddle in their relationship and the feud, agreeing to marry them, for the sole purpose of ending the feud between the families (Act II, Scene III):

But come, young waverer, come, go with me.

In one respect I’ll thy assistant be,

For this alliance may so happy prove

To turn your households’ rancor to pure love.

In a tragic way, the Friar is successful in his original purpose for the marriage. While Romeo and Juliet both die (among others), their deaths allow the Montagues and the Capulets to seek peace so that more innocent lives will not be taken.

Please provide quotes showing how Atticus uses the golden rule in To Kill a Mockingbird.

The golden rule says, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." This means that a person should treat others how he or she wants to be treated. Generally, people want to be treated fairly and with kindness, compassion and courtesy. At six years old, Scout Finch is just starting to learn this rule because her solution is to become physically violent with other children when her pride is challenged. Atticus, being the kind and compassionate person and father that he is, takes the time to teach Scout the golden rule. He also demonstrates it in his social and professional life as well.

One example of Atticus using the golden rule is when he teaches it to his daughter to help her get along with others at school.

"First of all. . . if you can learn a simple trick, Scout, you'll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view. . . until you climb into his skin and walk around in it" (30).

This is Atticus's "trick" for how to apply the golden rule. Once you look at life from another person's point of view, it's easier to show compassion towards them--or at least speak to them with respect without lowering oneself in the process.

Then, Atticus shows that he uses his own advice after Bob Ewell spits in his face and provokes him to a fight in public. Jem doesn't understand how Atticus puts up with people like that, so Atticus explains as follows:

"Jem, see if you can stand in Bob Ewell's shoes a minute. I destroyed his last shred of credibility at that trial, if he had any to begin with. The man had to have some kind of comeback, his kind always does. So if spitting in my face and threatening me saved Mayella Ewell one extra beating, that's something I'll gladly take" (218).

Atticus does not condone Bob Ewell's actions, he simply won't stoop to a lower level. Plus, by applying the golden rule in this situation, Atticus avoids a fight and may have helped someone else in the process.

One last example of Atticus using the golden rule is when he deals with Mrs. Dubose. She's an old lady who bad-mouths Atticus behind his back and to his children. Rather than respond accordingly, Atticus will take off his hat and say, "Good evening, Mrs. Dubose! You look like a picture this evening." He also teaches Jem the following:

"Easy does it, son. . . She's an old lady and she's ill. You just hold your head high and be a gentleman. Whatever she says to you, it's your job not to let her make you mad" (100).

By applying the golden rule, Atticus teaches his children not to get riled up by what people say or think. He also shows that he won't lower himself to bad behavior or disrespecting others. As a result, people are respectful to his face, and ultimately, they respect him deep down, too.

What is Macbeth's reaction to Lady Macbeth's death?

When Lady Macbeth dies, Macbeth is faced with his own mortality and contemplates the brevity of life. 

When Lady Macbeth dies, it is right before the big battle between Macbeth's army and Malcolm's, because Malcolm is coming to take his rightful place as king.  Macbeth’s mind is full of self-doubt.  Lady Macbeth's death is a result of her guilt at her part in having killed King Duncan.  She lost her mind at the end, imagining that the blood was still on her hands and she could not get it off.

Macbeth’s reaction to his wife’s death is to say that she should have died “hereafter.”  In other words, he wishes she had lived longer.  However, he goes on to ponder the brevity of life.

Out, out, brief candle!
Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage
And then is heard no more: it is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing. (Act 5, Scene 5)

Macbeth is saying that life is so short as to be almost meaningless.  This is an important speech for Macbeth, because he is pondering his own mortality as well his wife’s.  He is about to go into battle.  He is worried about how effective he will be in this battle.  The predictions of the witches have been contradictory.  He was told he was invincible, but also to watch out for forests and Macduff.  He was also told that Banquo's sons would be kings (which was the second time that prediction was made).  Macbeth doesn't know what to make of it, but he is worried that his life might be coming to an end too.

Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor plunged the United States into war with the Axis power. How did the United States recover from this attack to play a...

When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, they targeted military ships.  They had intended to cripple the military capabilities from Hawaii with their attack.  Admiral Yamamoto of Japan had intended to destroy as many U.S. aircraft carriers as possible, thus limiting their potential to fight back.  To his surprise, the fleet and aircraft carriers suffered mainly repairable damage.  For example, only two battleships were destroyed during the Pearl Harbor attack.  Six more were damaged, but they were fully repaired before World War II even ended.  No cruisers or destroyers were destroyed at Pearl Harbor.  

The United States military was able to recover from their losses rather quickly.  Only six months after the Pearl Harbor attack, the U.S. carrier fleet had regained so much strength that they "[sank] four Japanese aircraft carriers" during the Battle of Midway.  In the end, the United States military defeated Japan.

In the book Bud, Not Buddy, what are some things you learn about Bud from his actions?

Bud is streetwise and tough. He is insightful, creative and wise. Bud also has typical childhood fears. The depth of his character unfolds through many events in the story.

The reader sees Bud's streetwise, tough side as he navigates the hazards of the orphanage and foster homes. This side of Bud is most evident when he escapes the cruel, last foster home when they lock him outside in a shed. Bud escapes, vows never to return and while living on the streets, begins a journey to find who he believes is his father.

The insightful, creative, and wise side of Bud appears as the reader learns how Bud thinks. Bud keeps a book of many "rules to live by" and refers to them often. Many of these came directly from or were adapted from, things that his mother taught him. Bud's insight allows him to understand how others may feel in many situations. This insight allows him to act in ways that further his goals most of the time. Rather than take revenge on the cruel foster family's mother, Bud understands that it is only through showing the foster mother her son's true colors that he will help create a better environment for other foster children. He therefore acts to create a situation where the mother will see her son's imperfections.

Bud has normal, childhood fears despite his streetwise personality. He believes in vampires and fears waking up in unknown places without first attempting to listen and figure out what is going on around him.

What advice does Atticus give his children to help them grow as individuals?

Atticus is a principled man, and so he takes great care to ensure that Scout and Jem both grow up to live as moral adults. He gives them a great deal of advice throughout the novel, both directly and indirectly. One of his most important lessons is his instruction to be the same person in all areas of life, whether one is at home or in public. 

This idea is fundamental to the novel. Since he cannot adopt a fake persona, Atticus must live up to his true nature and honestly defend Tom Robinson, though he knows that the public expects him to live up to their racist expectations and allow Robinson to be charged guilty of a crime he didn't commit. Atticus faces a great deal of criticism, and even violent threats, as a result of his actions. However, by being the same person in public as he is at home, Atticus teaches Scout and Jem the importance of living authentically and striving to think for oneself, no matter what public opinion might be. By teaching them this lesson, Atticus takes an important step in ensuring his children grow up to be principled and honorable adults. 

In 1984, what does Newspeak refer to according to Winston's friend Syme? What is its ultimate purpose?

In Part One, Chapter Five of 1984, Winston is lectured by his friend Syme on Newspeak, which is the official language of Oceania. Syme is an expert on Newspeak because he works in the Research department of the Ministry of Truth and is involved in the writing of the eleventh edition of the Newspeak dictionary. 

According to Syme, the essence of Newspeak involves "cutting language down to the bone." In other words, it involves the elimination of words which the party deems unnecessary. We see this in Syme's handling of adjectives:

"A word contains its opposite in itself. Take 'good,' for instance. If you have a word like 'good,' what need is there for a word like 'bad'? 'Ungood' will do just as well."

He goes on to say that the purpose of cutting the language down is to "narrow the range of thought" and therefore eliminate the possibility of ever committing Thoughtcrime. It simply won't be possible to think something bad about the party because Newspeak will have removed all the words that make these feelings possible.

On a deeper level, the development of Newspeak is about enabling the party to control people's thoughts. They already control people's movements through the telescreens, but Newspeak will allow them to enter people's conscious and unconscious thoughts and manipulate them accordingly. If people are unable to articulate their dissatisfaction with the party, for example, they will (theoretically) be unable to feel it. And this, in Syme's words, will signal the party's total control over Oceania: "The Revolution will be complete when the language is perfect. Newspeak is Ingsoc and Ingsoc is Newspeak." 

What does Brian call a survival pack in Gary Paulsen's Hatchet?

In Chapter 1 of Gary Paulsen's Hatchet, the narrator explains that Brian is flying from New York to Canada to spend the summer with his father, who is working in Canada's oil fields, having just "designed or invented a new drill bit for oil drilling." Attached to the back of the plane is drilling equipment, right "next to a fabric bag the pilot had called a survival pack." The pack is full of supplies should there be an emergency landing.

Later, after the plane does indeed crash in a lake, two months after being stranded in the wilderness, Brian remembers the survival pack in the plane and decides to go and get it. However, making it out to the plane, finding the pack, freeing it from the plane, and getting it back to shore prove to be extremely difficult tasks. After nearly drowning twice, once while retrieving his dropped hatchet and once due to a fright, he finally has the pack in his possession and makes it back to shore, dropping in exhaustion once on solid ground.  The pack contains "unbelievable riches," including a sleeping bag he could use as a roof to his shelter, a "foam sleeping pad," cooking pots and pans, silverware, food packets, matches and lighters secured in a waterproof container, a "sheath knife with a compass in the handle," a first-aid kit, a fishing kit, an emergency transmitter, two bars of soap, and even a rifle (Ch. 19). Little does he know that finding and activating the emergency transmitter would lead to his being found and rescued that same day.

Which characters appear to be the antagonists to Macbeth in Act Three?

In Act 3, Macbeth has been crowned king, and instead of allaying his fears and his ambitions, his new crown is only increasing both. He begins especially to worry about Banquo, who becomes his antagonist in this act. He finds himself unsatisfied in his new position as king because he still feels threatened: "To be thus is nothing, but to be safely thus" [emphasis mine]. The witches prophesied that Banquo's children would eventually become kings themselves, and that means that Macbeth will be unable to pass his crown to his own children—should he have them—and could possibly mean that Banquo's son Fleance will one day overthrow him. Macbeth sees it clearly: Banquo is now his enemy, and he and his son have to die. Unbeknownst to Macbeth, Banquo himself has also begun to suspect that Macbeth may have had a hand in Duncan's murder. Macbeth sends men to dispatch his new chief antagonists, but Banquo will still manage to haunt him—literally.