Why would King Claudius want to believe Polonius's version as the cause of Hamlet's disturbing behavior?

Polonius attributes Hamlet's erratic behavior to Hamlet's love for Ophelia, Polonius's daughter. Polonius says Ophelia has confided in him that Hamlet is in love with her. Because Claudius murdered Hamlet's father, he worries that Hamlet's strange behavior means Hamlet has heard a rumor that his father died an unnatural death. Claudius knows that if Hamlet discovers the murder, he will be honor-bound to avenge his father's death by killing Claudius.

Claudius, naturally, would be greatly relieved if Hamlet's stange behavior could be traced to being in love. He could then rest easy, knowing that Hamlet's bizarre actions had nothing to do with his father's murder but rather were the course of normal lovesickness. This is not the case, but Polonius is doing his best to try to find the reason for Hamlet's "madness,"  and Claudius would be happy for his solution to be true.

What effect does it have on the reader if Lady Macbeth is depicted as evil?

One of Shakespeare's primary purposes in depicting Lady Macbeth as evil and malicious is to motivate the reader to have sympathy and understanding for the plight of Macbeth.  As Macbeth evolves as a character, there are two primary forces that usher him towards the evil deeds that he commits.  First, the three weird sisters plant prophecies that lure Macbeth towards his evil ways and then Lady Macbeth serves as a cunning and manipulative force in forcing Macbeth into his eventual evildoing.  For the reader, it is evident that Macbeth is coerced by Lady Macbeth and tricked by the weird sisters, which in part absolves him of the guilt that he eventually acquires from committing many murders throughout the play.  Moreover, these acts fuel Macbeth into madness and he loses all self-control and rationality, leading to his eventual ruin.  It is in seeing that these forces push Macbeth to his eventual demise that Shakespeare creates a tragic character in Macbeth.  Without these outside sinister forces the reader would not be able to see Macbeth in a tragic light and feel sadness at his downfall.  

What are the physical features of the USA?

The United States has many physical features. We have several mountain ranges. These include the Rocky Mountains, the Appalachian Mountains, the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and the Cascade Mountains. We have several major rivers. These include the Mississippi River, the Ohio River, the Missouri River, the Colorado River, and Rio Grande River. We have many lakes, including the five major Great Lakes. These include Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, and Lake Ontario. Three oceans border the United States. These are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. We also have the Great Plains and the Mojave Desert. Finally, we have canyons, such as the Grand Canyon, bays, such as Green Bay and Tampa Bay, and peninsulas, such as the Florida Peninsula.

Physical features are important because the may affect travel, climate, and economic factors such as the jobs people do. They may also serve as a form of defense. Being surrounded by two oceans has made it more difficult to invade the United States. Physical features are important and can’t be ignored.

In what chapter does Cecil Jacobs jump out of the dark and scare Jem and Scout?

Cecil Jacobs jumps out and scares Scout on Halloween night in Chapter 28.

Cecil Jacobs is a neighbor of Scout and Jem.  He is sort of a friend of theirs, because they live on the same street and are around the same age.

Cecil Jacobs, who lived at the far end of our street next door to the post office, walked a total of one mile per school day to avoid the Radley Place and old Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose. (Ch. 4)

Scout and Cecil sometimes fight.  She wallops him in the schoolyard one day because he made an announcement to all of the kids at school that her father “defended niggers.”  Scout does not really understand what the big deal is, but she knows it’s an insult.

For the Maycomb County pageant on Halloween, Cecil Jacobs is dressed as a cow and Scout is a ham.  The purpose of the pageant is to showcase the agricultural wealth of Maycomb County.  That night, Cecil rides to the school with his parents and then comes out in the dark to find Scout and Jem.

A circle of light burst in our faces, and Cecil Jacobs jumped in glee behind it. “Haa-a, gotcha!” he shrieked. “Thought you’d be comin‘ along this way!”

“What are you doin‘ way out here by yourself, boy? Ain’t you scared of Boo Radley?” (Ch. 28)

The children are not afraid of Boo Radley at this point.  He is their friend, and they have had a few clandestine communications like notes on Boo's porch, gifts left in a tree and a blanket on Scout's shoulders.

Because of this incident, when the children hear someone following them later they assume it is Cecil trying to scare them.  It is actually Bob Ewell trying to kill them.  Boo Radley sees what is going on and comes out to rescue them, killing Bob Ewell.  Jem gets his arm broken in the struggle, but Scout comes out relatively unharmed.  Boo goes back to their house with them, and Scout gets to walk him home later.

What character would a Golgi body play the part of in a mall? (cell analogy)

Cell analogy questions require us to compare the cell with a system or process in physical world. We can compare a cell to a school, supermarket, mall, etc. An easy way to do that is to consider the role played by a cell organelle and then see who or what plays a similar role in the analogy. 

The Golgi body has the function of modifying, sorting and packaging proteins. This is something akin to a post office. If we consider a mall, a similar function is played by a storeroom. The storeroom receives materials, sorts and packages them and then sends them to various departments as per their needs. Thus, a storeroom in a mall is analogous to the Golgi body in cells.

Hope this helps. 

How did Frederick Douglass help end slavery?

“This Fourth of July is yours, not mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn...”  --Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass, who was born a slave and escaped, was a relentless abolitionist. It would be hard to argue that many abolitionists had a greater impact than Douglass. He was a prolific and gifted writer that penned three autobiographies that are very important for history's understanding of life on the plantation. They were important contemporary works in that they popularized the abolitionist movement. Douglass was also the editor of an important newspaper that was heavily involved in ending slavery.

Despite his gift as a writer, Douglass was even better known for his oratory abilities. He gave speeches railing against slavery all around the world. Frederick Douglass was so respected in 19th Century racial politics, that he even had the ear of President Lincoln as an advisor.  

How does love affect Lady Macbeth?

Unlike many marriages among the nobility, who often marry for money or political connections, it does seem as though there is real love between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.  When he writes to her, he calls her "my dearest partner of greatness" and expresses his desire to acquaint her with what the Weird Sisters told him so that she "might'st not lose the dues of rejoicing by being ignorant of what greatness is promised [her]" (1.5.11, 1.5.12-13).  In calling her his "partner," Macbeth signals the equality in their relationship, and in expressing his wish that she feel all the joy of his news as soon as possible, he shows how much he truly does care for her feelings.

When he arrives at their home, he refers to her as "My dearest love," and they have a very familiar exchange (1.5.67).  It is clear that each knows what the other is thinking, and they do not even have to speak their intentions aloud in order to know that the other is on the same page.  When she asks when Duncan will leave their home, Macbeth says, "Tomorrow, as he purposes" (1.5.70).  In other words, Duncan will leave tomorrow -- or so he thinks.  Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are two peas in a ruthless pod.  She tells him, "Leave all the rest to me," assuring him that she will take care of the entire plan (1.5.86).

Their love seems to affect her insofar that it makes her want to take care of him.  She is concerned that he is too gentle and compassionate to find the quickest way to the throne, and so she nudges him to do whatever is necessary for their mutual success.  It is difficult to determine how much of this can be imputed to her desire for power or to her desire to see him in power.  In a twisted way, however, she wants power and she wants it with Macbeth, and it is only after he begins to make plans without her (such as arranging for the murders of Banquo and Fleance as well as the Macduff family) that she seems to give in to her guilt.  After the banquet scene, we no longer see this once-happy couple together; we only find out her response to the murders of the Macduff family when she sleepwalks.  Her love for Macbeth essentially leads her to create a monster she can no longer control, and she ends up killing herself as a result of it.