What three mistakes does Scout make during her first day at school?

The first mistake Scout makes during her first day of school is reading aloud in Miss Caroline's class. Miss Caroline is a young, new teacher in Maycomb County who subscribes to a rigid form of education. She tells Scout to stop reading with her father. Scout tries to defend Atticus by telling her that nobody "taught" her how to read. Scout maintains that she was born knowing how to read because that's what Jem told her.

The second mistake Scout makes during her first day of school is writing a letter to Dill Harris in the middle of a class activity. Scout is bored, and Miss Caroline catches her writing the letter. Miss Caroline reprimands her and tells Scout that they print in first-grade because students don't learn to write until they're in third-grade.

The third mistake Scout makes is attempting to explain Walter Cunningham's family background. When Walter refuses to take the quarter from Miss Caroline for lunch, Scout steps in and tries to explain his situation. She tells her teacher that Walter's family is poor and they refuse to take anything they cannot return. Scout says, "You're shamin' him Miss Caroline," and her teacher gets offended. (Lee 28) Miss Caroline tells Scout she is off to a bad start and gives her a dozen little pats on the palm as a punishment.

Why did the thieves and beggars drink to the English law?

In Chapter 17, Prince Edward has been lured into John Canty's clutches again. We are told in this chapter that Canty now calls himself John Hobbs. Meanwhile, the death of King Henry VIII, Edward's father, has been a great blow to Edward; the young prince now finds himself bereft of a father and is a prisoner to boot. Grieved beyond measure, he retires to the far end of the barn that he has been lured into and proceeds to brood. Eventually, he falls asleep.

He is soon rudely awakened by loud noises:

A bright fire was burning in the middle of the floor, at the other end of the barn; and around it, and lit weirdly up by the red glare, lolled and sprawled the motliest company of tattered gutter-scum and ruffians, of both sexes, he had ever read or dreamed of.  There were huge stalwart men, brown with exposure, long-haired, and clothed in fantastic rags; there were middle-sized youths, of truculent countenance, and similarly clad; there were blind mendicants, with patched or bandaged eyes; crippled ones, with wooden legs and crutches; diseased ones, with running sores peeping from ineffectual wrappings...

These are the thieves and beggars you mention above; they form part of an underground group of thieves that John Hobbs belongs to. They drink and talk raucously in the barn. Soon, a thief named Yokel, who was once a prosperous farmer, tells of his sad fate living under English law. Accordingly, his mother was a healer who was burned as a witch after one of her patients died. After his mother's death (she appeared to be the main breadwinner of the household), the farmer found himself and his little family begging for food.

Yokel relates that his family members were unmercifully lashed "through three towns" because it was a crime to beg in England. Undeterred, Yokel had continued begging for food for his children. Meanwhile, his wife died from the injuries caused by the lashes, and his children starved to death. Yokel himself was sent to the stocks and both his ears were cut off as punishment. Eventually, he was sold as a slave but has since run away from his owner. He asserts pitifully that he will be hung, courtesy of the 'wonderful' English law, when he is found.

So, when Yokel encourages his fellow thieves and beggars to drink to the English law, he is actually mocking and criticizing the oppressive character of the law. His sarcasm, in tandem with his sad story, serves to illuminate the true, cruel nature of English law. At his story, Prince Edward is so incensed that he shouts out that he will do away with the kind of law that will hang a poor man for running away from slavery. The thieves and beggars in turn mock Edward for his proud announcement; they don't really believe he is the son of Henry VIII. The chapter ends with Edward feeling very sorry that he ever tried to extend kindness to this rabble group of subjects.

What is an example of hyperbole in Act 1, scene 3 of Romeo and Juliet?

I’ll lay fourteen of my teeth –

And yet, to my teen be it spoken, I have but four –

She’s not fourteen.

The Nurse uses hyperbolic expression to make a joke at her own expense in Act 1, scene 3 of Romeo and Juliet. She and Lady Capulet are discussing Juliet’s age, and the Nurse, having raised Juliet almost from birth, knows her age better than anyone. First she claims that she will bet her own teeth on Juliet being under 14 – a bet that no one expects her to make in seriousness, after all (she’s really going to have teeth pulled if she is somehow wrong?) and then bemoans the fact that she can’t bet fourteen teeth because she only has four. It’s hyperbole because no one is expected to think that the Nurse truly has only four teeth – in fact, unless there’s a great deal of makeup involved, the audience will be able to plainly see that she has more teeth than that – but tooth loss was very common in old age at the time, and so the nurse is actually making a self-deprecating joke about her age: so old she only has four teeth left. It’s typical of the Nurse’s breezy, jokey attitude in the first part of the play, an attitude that gets increasingly grim and serious as the play progresses toward its tragic end.

It's 1:00 p.m. and cool and humid. The temperature is 60° but really sticky. What evidence can you use to predict where people with this weather...

Based on the evidence given in the question, it's nearly impossible to narrow a location down.  A key piece of information that is not given is the time of year.  The question states that the time is 1:00 in the afternoon.  That is typically the time of day that coincides with the highest temperatures.  But not knowing if it is summer or winter is a big problem.  If it is summer, I would not be guessing places in the southeast United States like previous answers have suggested.  Those places are good guesses only if it is winter, because the temperature is too low for a typical summer afternoon.

That is unless the location is fairly far north or south of the equator during the summer.  For example, right now it is just about noon in Augusta, Maine.  It's June 2, 2016, and the temperature there is 57 degrees with 97% humidity.  The temperature is within a few degrees of your question, and 97% humidity would make the air feel sticky.  

The best information given in the question is the fact that the air feels "sticky."  This means that the relative humidity is quite high.  Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor the air is holding compared to the maximum amount it could hold at a given temperature.  The lower the temperature, the less overall moisture the air can hold.  As temperature drops, relative humidity will rise. The high humidity that the question hints at leads me to think that a possible location has to be near a large body of water. That could be just about any country or state that borders an ocean.  Hawaii, Maine, Washington, England, etc. could all have that temperature and humidity at 1:00 depending on the time of year. Of course places like Michigan in the spring or fall would work well too, because that state is almost completely surrounded by large lakes.  I've linked a couple of U.S. maps that show relative humidity numbers over general regions.  The time of day and month is shown on both maps.  

What were the differences between Anti-Federalists and Federalists?

The main differences between the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists really boiled down to one philosophical issue. Essentially, the Anti-Federalists feared that the powers granted to the federal government under the new Constitution were too extensive. Most believed that these powers could be most safely held by the states, and that granting them to the federal government represented a threat to basic liberties. They argued for changes that went along a broad spectrum. Some thought the best way to restrain these powers was by adding a Bill of Rights, and they refused to support ratification without a promise that a Bill of Rights would be added. Others argued for structural changes to the Constitution itself, such as eliminating Congress's power to set the time and place of federal elections. Still others (though a minority) argued for outright rejection of the document and for a new convention to amend the Articles of Confederation along more agreeable lines. The Anti-Federalists objected to the Constitution on many grounds, but fears of centralized power lay at the heart of most of their complaints.

What is Harper Lee's message/theme on race?

In the novel, Lee shows that racism is born of prejudice, intolerance, and ignorance. There are elements of racism in Maycomb that are quite obvious. The white and black populations live in separate areas. This has to do with economics as much as race. In addition, there are elements of racism that are unsaid and simply understood. When Tom is charged with rape, everyone (black and white) knows that he will have a hard time getting a fair trial from an all-white jury. That is, even the members of the jury silently acknowledge their own prejudices. Atticus presents a logical and strategic case but the jury can not, or will not, overcome their prejudices. In Chapter 23, Atticus notes, "The one place where a man ought to get a square deal is in a courtroom, be he any color of the rainbow, but people have a way of carrying their resentments right into a jury box." 

Some members of Maycomb will admit their prejudices. Some will not admit a thing, even though they perpetuate racist thinking. And, there are some hypocrites who claim that they have no racist thoughts but they clearly still hold some prejudices. Consider Mrs. Merriweather's hypocrisy in supporting the Mrunas but ignoring the needs of the black community in her own town. 

In Chapter 23 (same section), Atticus adds, " As you grow older, you’ll see white men cheat black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something and don’t you forget it— whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash.” Atticus is saying that, because of racism and intolerance, black men (and women) are at a disadvantage. They do not get the same rights and opportunities and understanding that whites in this society would get. So, when a white citizen takes advantage of this, Atticus says this is trashy. In this sense, racism is more than just having evil thoughts. Racism manifests in real ways and affects real lives. Tom is accused and killed because of racism. 

I'm filling out an internship application, but it asks me why I should be chosen to become a Leader in their team (its a leadership internship),...

You are on the right track on your application in terms of thinking of specific examples. However, you might want to consider the larger picture.

What qualities of leadership do you have? Your extracurricular activities and jobs can be used described as assets if you think of your experience with them in leadership terms. For example, you might be able to say, "I'm a team player." "I learned about the importance of working together as a team in band, cheer, and on the basketball court." Then, you could give examples. This may or may not be true of you, but I am giving you an example of a leadership trait to help you think in terms of your strengths. 

One could think of many leadership traits learned in sports such as: strategy, hard work/grit, knowing the importance of preparation. This may help you think more deeply about your work. Ultimately, it's a personal answer. Remember these tips:

1) You want to describe what qualities you have that might make you stand out from the crowd. You always want to back up these assertions with examples. 

2) You want to talk about how your leadership qualities relate to the particular program to which you are applying.

Good luck on your application.