How did Salutary Neglect encourage the American colonists to lead a revolution?

Salutary Neglect was the de facto policy of the British which afforded the American colonies a high degree of autonomy. It was believed that enforcing taxes and other laws was too expensive to enforce and was not worth the hassle. Enforcement of strong British laws could also lead to insurrection on the part of the colonists. As a result of Salutary Neglect, the colonists began to feel a separation from England. They developed their own socio-political institutions and were prospering in trade and commerce during this period (1690-1760).
The Seven Year's War (French and Indian War) forced the British to re-examine their relationship with the colonies in the New World. The British had incurred heavy war debt as a result of the conflict. The colonies were now to be considered an avenue for producing revenue. This is why the British started to enforce their tax laws and created more of a military presence in the colonies. After being left to their own devices for such an extended period of time, the American colonists were not in a position to allow such interference on their political and economic future.

How did historical globalization and imperialism shape today's world?

This is a huge question, taking on two massive (and interrelated) subjects that absolutely shaped the world we live in today.  Globalization refers to the constant relating and blending of cultures around the world through various means.  Emigration, trade, war, and technology have all sped up the process of globalization, of various cultures accepting and employing things from other, once-distant cultures.  

The result of this massive reorganization has been that people around the world are living within a more global world and culture.  For example, cell phones can be found in every country in the world, as can the internet, and because of this technology, the whole planet is connected and able to share information like never before.  In a sense, cultures are getting more similar, sharing what works and letting go of what doesn't. 

Imperialism, which is a political policy of taking over greater and greater populations and land masses to form an empire, has been a major factor in the globalization of the world.  In short, imperialism--the process of taking over outside cultures through force--has led inevitably to the sharing and blending of culture.  The force of war has caused many cultures to take on outside ideas and practices, thus creating a more globalized world. 

How did the move to Block 28 help Papa and the family in Farewell to Manzanar?

As Jeanne explains at the beginning of Chapter 12, the family's move to Block 28 was a major turning point for them: a time when their lives became "tolerable" instead of "outrageous."

The move helps Papa find meaningful, fulfilling work. Block 28 is located near a pear orchard, so Papa is able to occupy himself by taking care of the pear trees. They require pruning, which Papa is skilled at, and his work is fruitful in more ways than one: the family gets to harvest and enjoy the pears, and Papa's work brings him a measure of peace and contentment. This is a significant improvement when you recall that Papa had struggled with alcoholism, that he had mistreated his family, and that he'd even gotten into a physical fight all before the move to Block 28.

Jeanne and her mother appreciate the move, too: Jeanne likes to listen to the wind blow through the leaves of the pear trees, which reminds her of the calm ocean breezes that she often heard back home, and Jeanne's mother is closer to the camp hospital, where she does her work as a dietician. 

The new housing situation even affords extra space, real floors, and real ceilings. It may not sound like a big deal, but the improved interior environment probably went a long way toward helping Jeanne and her family feel more dignified and human during their imprisonment.

How is Curley's wife described as lonely in Of Mice and Men?

Curley’s wife (who is never given a name) is constantly searching for her husband. They are never in the same place until she is dead. The fact that Curley is always looking for her too is an indication that they have little companionship as husband and wife. Not being able to find Curley, she tries to strike up conversations with the men, but they push her away, fearing what her intentions to them are and what Curley’s reaction would be. In her younger days, Curley’s wife had been told that she could go to Hollywood and be in the movies. Whether this is accurate or no, her mother forbade her because of her young age. Deprived of what she saw as her dream, she marries Curley very quickly, perhaps to leave a home where she is dominated. Unfortunately, Curley has little interest in a friendship based on mutual interest and understanding; it is all about sex. This leaves Curley’s wife feeling unappreciated, if all she is in her life is a sex object. She tries to reveal her dreams to Lennie, even though he cannot fully understand her. As the only woman on the ranch, shunned by the men, and unappreciated by her husband, there is no hope for anything but loneliness.

What is the tone of Shakespeare's Sonnet 1?

Although there are many thoughts on this topic, one might argue that the tone of Shakespeare's "Sonnet One" (which is, to be more specific, the first of a series of seventeen sonnets themed around procreation) is cautionary.

If we look more closely, this poem has several movements to it, each of which serves a different purpose, but ultimately moves the argument closer to its prophetic finish: 

In the first quatrain (a stanza consisting of four lines), Shakespeare addresses the subject of the poem (a "Fair Youth") with a general argument explaining the need for procreation in order to pass on the world's beauty.

In the second quatrain, Shakespeare admonishes the Youth for his unwillingness to procreate and to, thus, allow his own beauty to become shallow and a matter of self-interest.

In the the third quatrain, Shakespeare offers up compliments to the Youth and again relates his belief that the Youth is making a mistake in choosing not to procreate. 

In the closing couplet (a stanza consisting of two lines), Shakespeare offers up the tonally potent warning to "[p]ity the world" and to recognize that the failure to procreate is parallel to allowing one's best qualities to be swallowed up by death.

What is Harper Lee's message about education in To Kill a Mockingbird?

Harper Lee comments on the education system throughout her novel To Kill a Mockingbird. Her novel suggests that she believes that the education system is rigid and insensitive. Scout has several negative classroom experiences throughout the novel. Miss Caroline, Scout's first-grade teacher, reprimands her for knowing how to read and write. Instead of encouraging and fostering Scout's advanced abilities, Miss Caroline forbids her from reading and writing at home and in the classroom. Miss Caroline mentions to Scout that they don't write in first-grade because that is a skill learned in third-grade. Miss Caroline's response to Scout reflects her rigid views of education. Jem mentions that she is trying to teach them the Dewey Decimal System that she learned in college. Although Jem completely misinterprets what the Dewey Decimal System is, mentioning that Miss Caroline's new methods of teaching come from her experience in college is significant. Lee presents this information to suggest that even post-secondary education is rigid and impractical. Also, Scout comments that most her classmates are bored and have no idea what their teaching is talking about half the time. Again, Lee portrays the classroom as an obstacle to education, rather than a catalyst for learning. In Scout's third-grade class, Mrs. Gates openly displays her hypocrisy to her students by commenting that America is void of persecution and prejudice. Throughout the novel, Harper Lee continually suggests that a moral education is highly valuable compared to the insensitive, rigid school system. 

Did Atticus like Finch Landing?

Atticus Finch liked Finch Landing enough to return for an annual Christmas visit once a year.  I suspect he treasured his family heritage and the fact the Finches had owned their land for a very long time.  He did not like it enough to follow the customary tradition that "all the Finch men were expected to live at Finch Landing and continue to make their living from cotton."  Atticus moved away to study law and then returned to Maycomb county, some twenty miles east of Finch Landing.  So this is a "yes and no" type of answer.  Yes, in the respect he was proud of the Finch name and what he thought it should mean in the common arena of public scrutiny.  No, in the respect he did not return to his native home, but settled in Maycomb county.  He also did not make his livelihood through the traditional occupation of farming cotton, but opted for a profession practicing law.

Evaluate the culture presented in "Araby." What details do you notice that show this story is not taking place in the United States?

James Joyce's "Araby" is one story taken from Dubliners, a compilation of narratives set in Dublin, Ireland, an area in which many English dominated in the political positions and better jobs of the city. There, too, the Roman Catholic Church held dominance over the lives of the Irish.

• Influence of the Roman Catholic Church

Because the authority of the Catholic Church is unopposed by the Irish, it exerts a profound influence upon the Dubliners, much more than it would in America where Protestants live among Catholics. Catholicism is, indeed, an intrinsic component of the Irish culture; priests mingle much more with their congregations and exert influence upon them.

--In "Araby" the boy's adolescent imagination and passion--an "Araby of the mind"--conflicts with the sacred symbols of religion. He views Mangan's sister with passion, but religious faith intermingles with this passion as she stands, "her figure defined by the light from the half-opened door, much as Mary and the saints are depicted with an aureole behind them. She becomes "shrouded in mystery." 

--When the boy accompanies his aunt to the market, he imagines that he is like the knights who seek the Holy Grail as he narrates, 

...I bore my chalice safely through a throng of foes. Her name sprang to my lips at moments in strange prayers and phrases....

--Then, in the evening, he goes into the back drawing-room where the priest who lived there before had died. Again, his infatuation with the girl intermingles with religious faith as his senses seem "to desire to veil themselves" and the boy presses the palm of his hands together praying, "O love! O love!" many times.

--When he learns of Araby, the bazaar, his aunt hopes it is "not some Freemason affair," one that then would be strictly off limits for any Catholic, as they are strictly forbidden to associate with Freemasons.

• Affect of the English presence

After the boy finally arrives at the bazaar from Westland Row Station, instead of an exotic atmosphere he is met with the sounds of a young woman laughing with two gentlemen. "I remarked their English accents" and he listens to their palaver:

"O, I never said such a thing!"
"O, but you did!"
"O, but I didn't!" 
"Didn't she say that?"
"Yes, I heard her.
"O, there's a...fib!"

When the Irish boy is observed, the English girl asks him if he wishes to buy anything, but "the tone of her voice was not encouraging; she seemed to have spoken to me out of a sense of duty." When the boy declines, she turns away and joins the young men again.

In Ireland the presence of Catholicism dominates the atmosphere of Irish life, and the invasive nature of the English occupation is felt keenly by the Irish, whereas in America. there are many nationalities who reside in cities, so that people do not pay such attention to others' languages or cultures. A few critics have detected the theme of Irish nationalism in this story, with attention given to such songs as "Come-All-You" about O'Donovan Rossa, a Fenian revolutionary. 

What would be the written names for these compounds: `K_3PO_4` and `HCl` ?

The names for these compounds are:

Tripotassium phosphate, `K_3PO_4`  

and, hydrochloric acid, HCl

Lets look at each of them in more detail. The first compound contains 3 potassium ions (`K^+` , potassium is denoted by symbol K) and 1 phosphate group (P is for phosphorus and O represents oxygen). The Phosphate group is `PO_4^(3-)` . So, the compound that contains 3 potassium ions and 1 phosphate ion is designated as tripotassium phosphate (tri for 3).

The second compound contains 1 ion each of hydrogen (`H^+` ) and chloride (`Cl^-` ). The hydrogen ion, before the chloride ion, is the clue that this is an acid. Sulfuric acid (`H_2SO_4` ) is another similar example of acid (and its naming). Since, it is an acid and has chlorine in it, it is named as hydrochloric acid.

Hope this helps. 

What happens in chapter 17?

Chapter seventeen of The Story of My Life covers the summer of 1894, when Helen was a young teenager.  It was during that summer that Helen attended a very important meeting of the American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf.  After this meeting, it was decided that Helen would attend the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf in New York City.  This school was chosen so that Helen could have "the highest advantages in vocal culture and training in lip-reading."  

Helen also studied academic courses at the school, such as German.  She made progress in her German class.  Though the main purpose of attending this school was so that Helen could learn how to speak, her "progress in lip-reading and speech was not what... [she] had hoped and expected it would be."  She did work diligently, though her progress was slow.  

Despite her disappointment in her own progress, Helen enjoyed her time in New York.  She liked to take walks in Central Park, out among nature.  She also visited West Point, Tarrytown, and Sleepy Hollow.  

The chapter ended with Helen describing a sorrowful event in her life.  A dear friend, John P. Spaulding, died.  She had appreciated his kindness and his "loving presence."  Helen clearly missed her friend.

In Chapter 5 of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, why does Miss Maudie say that Scout is being morbid?

In Chapter 5, Scout asks Miss Maudie if Boo Radley is still alive. Miss Maudie says, "What a morbid question. But I suppose it's a morbid subject." (Lee 57) Miss Maudie tells Scout that she knows Arthur "Boo" Radley is still alive because she hasn't seen him carried out of his house yet. Scout suggest that maybe Boo died, and they stuffed him up the chimney. Miss Maudie continues to tell Scout details about the Radley family. She says that Mr. Radley was a "foot-washing Baptist" who felt that any type of pleasurable activity was a sin. The Radleys rarely left their house, but when Arthur was a boy, he always spoke kindly to Miss Maudie. Nobody really knows what goes on behind the Radleys' closed doors, and Miss Maudie says that if Boo wasn't crazy before, he probably is now.

What forces Jonas to flee the community sooner than he had planned?

Towards the end of The Giver, Jonas has received many memories and learned many truths about the community in which he has grown up. He has become very attached to the baby, Gabriel, who has been staying with Jonas' family until he gets bigger and stronger. During his time with the Giver, Jonas learned that when someone in the community is released, he or she is actually euthanized. Jonas cannot believe that people he loves have been responsible for this. The reason that Jonas decides to leave early is because he discovers that Gabriel has not made enough progress and is scheduled to be released. Jonas knows that even though he has not received all of the memories he had hoped to, especially memories about bravery and courage, he must leave the society in order to save Gabriel's life. 

Can you explain the theoretical models used to discuss sensitivity to difference, such as the Bennett scale, in addition to an understanding of the...

There are several different models used to understand how people perceive cultural differences and how culturally sensitive they are. Cultural sensitivity is the acceptance of differences among people without assigning a negative or positive value to these differences. For example, Dr. Milton Bennett developed the Bennett scale, also referred to as the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS). According to this scale, people are arrayed along six stages of cognitive development with regard to how well they can integrate and understand cultural differences. For example, the first stage is denial of difference, in which people perceive of their culture as the only one. Later stages include defense against difference, minimization of difference, acceptance of difference, adaptation of difference, and integration of difference. In the last stage, people can shift cognitive sets to take on different world views. 

Ron Takaki's A Different Mirror discusses the ways in which race can be a metaphor (an idea from Toni Morrison) that explains how people in the U.S. integrate an understanding of diversity into their ideas about American identity. If people perceive of America as white, they see non-whites as not American, so this myth affects the way in which diversity is handled in the U.S. In what Takaki calls the "Master Narrative," the United States is defined as white, although that is a myth rather than reality. Takaki writes about the ways in which the multicultural reality of America is changing people's conceptions of this myth. 

Why does the hydrogen and oxygen gas mixture in a collection bulb not react as soon as it's collected?

When hydrogen and oxygen are collected together in the same vessel they don't immediately react unless the gas mixture is in contact with a surface that's above the autoignition temperature. This is the lowest temperature at which a substance will spontaneously ignite at standard pressure. The autoignition temperature of hydrogen is about 530 degrees C.

In order to start burning at a temperature below the autoignition temperature, flammable materials need a source of ignition such as a flame from a match or a spark from an electric igniter. The energy that must be provided to initiate a chemical reaction is called the activation energy. Once the activation energy is provided by the ignition source an exothermic reaction is sustained by the heat being released. 

Flammable gas mixtures are unstable even at temperatures below their autoignition temperature. They can be accidently ignited by a discharge of static electricity. It's also possible that, even at a lower temperature, a collision between molecules could occur at a speed sufficient to initiate a reaction. 

The link below gives autoignition temperatures of various gases.

Is it true that Italians immigrated to the United States to avoid overpopulation and high taxes?

A very large number of Italian immigrants came to the United States at the turn of the Twentieth Century.  While every immigrant that decided to make the journey to the United States had a unique reason for moving, high taxes and overpopulation do not seem to be a major push factor.  The majority of Italians came to the United States to escape poverty and seek better economic opportunity.  Most of the new immigrants were poor rural laborers that worked on tenant farmers. Years of political turmoil, disease and natural disasters had created very poor conditions for the farmers of southern Italy.  Many Italians wanted to go to the United States, save enough money, and return to Italy to buy property so that they could operate their own farms.  Half of the millions of Italian immigrants returned to Italy.  

How was Germany at fault in the first world war?

Germany had to accept responsibility for World War I even though Germany was not the country that started this war. Many Germans were upset that, in the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was required to accept the responsibility for World War I.

The Allied leaders wanted to punish Germany for its role in World War I. Some of the Allied leaders believed Germany had the power to prevent the war from beginning. Germany and Austria-Hungary were in an alliance. After a group of Serbian nationals killed Franz Ferdinand, the next King of Austria-Hungary, Austria-Hungary placed a series of demands upon Serbia. When Serbia didn’t satisfy all of the demands, Austria-Hungary wanted to declare war on Serbia. However, before declaring war on Serbia, Austria-Hungary asked Germany if Germany would support them if they declared war on Serbia. The Allies believed that if Germany would have told Austria-Hungary that they wouldn’t support them, then Austria-Hungary might not have declared war. Thus, some of the Allied leaders blamed Germany for the start of World War I because they believed Germany had the power to stop the war from starting.

Why do you think charging by rubbing happens best in dry weather?

Charging by rubbing takes advantage of the fact that different materials have different abilities to gain electrons. For example, when a piece of fabric is rubbed against a rubber balloon, the balloon acquires electrons from the fabric. Eventually, there is an electron excess (negative charge) present on the balloon and an electron deficient on the fabric (positive charge). This difference in electrons is what creates the attractive force between the two items.

Once a charge (an electron) is transferred from the fabric to the balloon, the charge will want to return to the fabric. Any conductive material placed between the two objects will allow electrons to flow back to the fabric. Moist air is conductive. Thus, the transfer of electrons from the fabric to a balloon on a dry day will be equal to that on a wet day. However, on a dry day the charges will not conduct back to the fabric as easily as on a wet day. 

Why did the students from The Freedom Writers Diary decide to call themselves The Freedom Writers?

The Freedom Writers named themselves after the Freedom Riders, who were black and white college students who determined that they were going to attack segregation in the South during the Civil Rights Movement of the sixties.  They all rode together on the bus, which was illegal in the South, since public transportation of all forms was segregated, with black people being required to sit in the back of the bus and white people in the front section. They were attacked for riding together like this, and at least one person was badly injured. 

As Erin Gruwell and her class were getting started on a writing project to fight injustice, one of the students was inspired to name their group after the Freedom Riders, since it was a great play on words and both groups had the same mission.  In the student's diary, the student says,

I feel that I finally have a purpose in this class and in life. That purpose is to make a difference and stand up for a cause (154).

For this group of students, this was a meaningful and powerful name, evoking the history of civil rights and the power of the pen. 

How can I remember Juliet's balcony speech?

If you're asking how best to memorize this speech, there are a number of methods that actors use to help them memorize lines. Shakespeare is sometimes difficult for actors in this respect, because the language is so very different from the way we use contemporary speech. This presents a special set of problems, because the imagery and words used are often unfamiliar to actors and do not conform to typical everyday speech. Sometimes focusing on the imagery can be helpful in remembering it.

I had to memorize this speech in college for an acting class, and I recall trying to put myself in the position of a girl who was so infatuated with her new romance that she thought of nothing else. In the speech she is trying to figure out how they can be together, and since it is a soliloquy (revealing her private thoughts, as if she is talking to herself), one way to memorize it is to connect her words to her thought process. As she thinks about Romeo, she thinks of ways to address the obstacles that keep them apart.

For example, when she says the following, she is using logic and common sense to find a solution:

That which we call a rose
By any other word would smell as sweet;
So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call'd,
Retain that dear perfection which he owes
Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name,
and for thy name, which is no part of thee,
Take all myself.

She is suggesting that Romeo should reject his name and birthright, so that they can be together. It is an impossible fantasy, and yet Romeo overhears her and plays along, because he also wants to escape the difficulty surrounding their family situation. This all makes logical sense totem, so might help make their words feel more natural and thus easier to remember.

Another way that works for me in memorizing a long speech is to recite it over and over again, beginning with the first line, and each time going back to the first line and adding one more line each time. This means you'll remember the lines by saying them over and over, and the earlier lines will be rooted in your  memory as you add more on. Good luck!

How was World War I dehumanizing for the soldiers who fought in it?

All wars are brutal and ugly and ultimately dehumanizing to many affected by them, including civilians subjected to bombings and invasions and soldiers treated like expendable cogs serving interests they don't always understand. While many wars are fought for legitimate reasons, such as the efforts to defeat Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan during World War II, others begin as heroic responses to tyranny but turn into protracted quagmires from which there is no easy escape. Vietnam War veteran-turned-author Philip Caputo wrote in the prologue to A Rumor of War about how that particular conflict, at least for the soldiers directly involved, "had begun as an adventurous expedition [that] had turned into an exhausting, indecisive war of attrition in which we fought for no cause other than our own survival." That observation by one who fought in Vietnam and witnessed first-hand the moral complexities involved in waging a war of limited objectives -- preventing South Vietnam from being overrun by the Communist north -- remains as powerful and universal as any one will find among the vast literature of war.

World War I was a very unique conflict. The first major war of a still-new century, that conflict saw the introduction of terrifying new means of destruction, including the large-scale use of machine guns, the first use of tanks, the use of aircraft to strafe troops on the ground and to drop bombs from above, and, most disturbing of all, the use of chemical weapons. The technological sophistication of these means of destruction contrasted radically with the most enduring characteristic of World War I, the trench warfare that defined it. And it was the trenches in which the war proved dehumanizing for those subjected to them. While all wars are dehumanizing to many involved, and while the casualty figures associated with World War I are no worse than for wars that preceded and succeeded it, life in the trenches was dehumanizing for the obstacles soldiers confronted, especially during the cold winter months. Soldiers in the trenches were faced with disease and infestation, including rats and lice, in addition to the indignity of having to crouch or stand in mud trenches waiting for the next wave of enemy soldiers to attack or, even worse, for the next flare or whistle signaling the beginning of another human wave attack by one's own army. Racing from the trenches into the brutal fire of enemy machine guns and the terrifying specter of death or injury by inhalation of gas all because the powers-that-be had marched inexorably into a massive war for which they were not prepared was certainly dehumanizing. Living among rats and lice while sleeping in mud trenches in the brutal cold was entirely dehumanizing to those who fought there.

In Gary Schmidt's Okay for Now, what type of cancer does Lil have?

We don't really know what type of cancer Lillian has in Okay For Now. In fact, the word 'cancer' is never mentioned in the story.

According to the text, we initially discover that Lillian is sick when she cannot play the part of Helen Burns in the Broadway play. At the end of Chapter Nine, Doug finds out that Lil has been admitted to the hospital. He thinks the hospital visit is due to the stomachaches Lil has been getting on account of her pencil-chewing habit. However, Lucas mysteriously informs Doug that Lil hasn't been admitted for a simple stomachache.

At the beginning of Chapter Ten, Mr. and Mrs. Spicer have been given a statistic: 'One in four.' This statistic represents a one in four chance of survival for anyone having the disease Lil has. When Doug visits Lil at the hospital, she is hooked up to what appears to be an IV (intravenous) drip. An IV drip lets fluids and medicines be fed directly into the bloodstream. During Doug and Lil's conversation, a nurse comes in to draw some blood from Lil. Although at this point, the word 'cancer' is still not mentioned, many clues in the text lead us to infer that Lil is suffering from some sort of cancer.

Many cancer patients need to have blood drawn before undergoing chemotherapy. This procedure allows doctors to assess blood count levels before treatment. If blood counts are low, doctors can adjust chemotherapy dosages or delay the treatment until blood count levels have stabilized. Some cancer patients also need to have blood drawn periodically so that doctors can assess the effectiveness of any experimental treatment on the patient. In the story, Lillian has lost her hair, a side-effect from chemotherapy. Read about a cancer patient's experience with frequent blood draws.

Although we cannot know for sure why the author chooses not to give a name to Lil's disease, we experience a surge of hope in reading the last lines of the novel:

...I heard all around us, over the sounds of the huge machines in the room, over the sounds of Apollo 11 heading to the moon, I heard, all around us, the beating of strong wings.

The story of Lil's illness and her relationship with Doug illustrates the purpose of enduring courage, the beauty of fidelity in the face of suffering, and the motivation to overcome against all odds. I believe the author wanted us to concentrate on the beauty and resilience of the human spirit instead of the destructiveness of disease. Hope this helps!

How does imagery deepen the meaning and emotional charge of poetry?

Imagery, though often linked to visual image, in poetry refers to words and phrases that connect with any of the five senses. This includes sight, the visual, but also hearing, smell, taste and touch. For example, a poet writes "I see a flower" and the connection to the reader is shallow. No image comes to mind. However, if the poet writes "A firework of pink and orange atop a green spire sent fragrant waves as sweet as honey bursting into the wind" then the reader connects on an emotional level because of the connection to his five senses. In addition, the author creates meaning with the greater detail this language brings. Authors use many types of figurative language to create imagery in addition to simply using words that appeal to the five senses. Simile, metaphor, hyperbole and personification are some of the types of figurative language an author may use.

Why does Romeo use iambic pentameter?

Romeo is a member of the aristocracy, and thus has more formal language than members of the lower class (the servants, for example). Shakespeare regularly used this convention to further distinguish royalty and aristocrats from the common folk (obviously, they were already distinguished by their costumes to some extent).

Romeo primarily uses heroic couplets, though, which is unusual for Shakespeare, who usually satisfied himself with blank verse. (Heroic couplets are two lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme; blank verse is iambic pentameter that doesn't rhyme.) Just like each scene is opened with a sonnet--a poetry form used primarily for pastoral and love themes--heroic couplets were primarily used for heroes.

Iambic pentameter, by the way, is said to have been the meter of choice because it so closely mimics the rhythm and length of a standard English sentence. Putting dialogue into iambic pentameter gave the lines a pleasing rhythm, making them more memorable, and had the added benefit of making them easier for actors to memorize.  

How did Liebig improve the teaching of chemistry?

Liebig (1803-1873) improved the teaching of chemistry by making chemistry a distinct field of study, separate from pharmacy. Previously, chemistry had been taught as part of pharmacy to pharmacists and doctors. He also instituted a structured plan of study that included laboratory experience, and he began a systematic study of organic chemistry (which was largely unknown until that point). Using a five-bulb mechanism that contained potash, he was able to burn an organic compound with copper oxide and identify the products of the oxidation. Liebig's process enabled chemists to more accurately determine the carbon content of organic compounds, and it was a faster process than what had existed before. As a result, he and his students were able to better understand organic compounds and to improve the teaching and understanding of organic chemistry. 

What do you think the purpose of the wall is?

The reader never knows the inital reason why the wall was built, and that is the whole premise for the speaker asking his neighbor about the purpose of the wall.  The speaker reasons, "Isn't it / Where there are cows?  But here there are no cows" (ll. 30-31) and "There where it is we do no need the wall: / He is all pine and I am apple orchard" (ll. 23-24).  The speaker does not understand why there is a wall when there is no need to keep something in place or keep something else out.  In fact, every spring, the speaker and his neighbor meet to mend the wall, and in this particular moment of the poem, the speaker wants to know the reason.  All his neighbor can answer is a saying that his own father spoker, "'Good fences make good neighbors'" (l. 27 and 45).  Perhaps the reason for the wall is simply to give the neigbors a chance to speak to one another once a year in the simple act of repairing the wall. Walls are also a way to designate what belongs to each, and perhaps this is also the reason, to prevent arguments in the future.  

Who is Sullivan from Jonathan Livingston Seagull?

In Jonathan Livingston Seagull, Sullivan is Jonathan's instructor in seagull heaven. At the end of Part One, two special seagulls take Jonathan into the next seagull world, where he will continue to hone his flying skills under the tutelage of an instructor.

At the beginning of Part Two, Jonathan finds that his seagull body has miraculously transformed into a lighter, brighter version of his old one. Although he is ecstatic at this new discovery, he is disappointed to realize that there are limits to flight speed even in seagull heaven. He is also a little discouraged when he observes that seagulls still get tired in their new home. However, things start to look up for him when he notices that he is in the company of seagulls who are focused on reaching perfection in flight.

One day, Jonathan asks his instructor why there are not more seagulls in seagull heaven. Sullivan answers that Jonathan is a 'one-in-a-million bird,' and that most seagulls often fail to grasp that there is more to life than 'eating, or fighting, or power in the Flock...' Sullivan tries to explain that most seagulls don't have the right mindset to be admitted to seagull heaven; they have to go through many lifetimes before they realize the true purpose of a seagull's life. Jonathan, on the other hand, has understood that perfection in flight is the ultimate goal.

Eventually, when Jonathan manages to master flying to the past and to the future, he finds his body changing once again to accommodate his new ability to recognize the meaning of kindness and love. To his great awe, his new body glows so brilliantly that it is a blinding vision of luminosity. This new perfection so inspires Jonathan that he bids farewell to Sullivan and proceeds to make his way back to seagull earth. His purpose is to seek out similar Outcasts and to teach these Outcasts that they too, can transcend time and space to arrive at perfection in flight and love.

I need a review of Firegirl by Tony Abbott.

Firegirl is a children's novel by prolific children's author Tony Abbott. First published in 2008, it focuses on the effect of the "firegirl" of the title on the novel's narrator, Tom Bender. 

Tom is in the seventh grade at St. Catherine’s School and describes himself as a "sweaty fat kid". He is socially awkward and has only one real friend, Jeff, who is struggling with having been abandoned by his father. Tom also has a crush on the beautiful, popular Courtney, who does not reciprocate his interest in her.

Tom's teacher, Mrs. Tracey, announces that Jessica will be joining their class because her family has moved to the town to be close to a hospital which can treat her burns. As she joins the class and is seated between Tom and Jeff, her new classmates are horrified by the burns that disfigure her and begin gossiping about her.

Although Tom is equally horrified by Jessica's appearance, he is uncomfortable with his own instinctive revulsion, he gradually makes friends with Jessica, showing solidarity with a fellow outcast. An incident where he brings her homework after she had to miss school solidifies their friendship and helps Tom grow up in his understanding of the world and other people. 

Tom downplays the external events he is narrating by introducing them with the statement:

On the outside it doesn't look like very much happened. A burned girl was in my class for a while. Once I brought her some homework. In class she said my name. Then she was gone. That's pretty much all that happened.

As readers though, we come to realize that this fleeting contact had a transformational effect on Tom.

What was the factory act of 1833?

As the Industrial Revolution took hold, thousands of factories were built across the country.  Since there was no real precedent for these factories, there weren't any laws to regulate them or to protect the workers.  Therefore, there were many accidents and deaths that occurred because of the dangerous machinery, long work hours, and poor treatment of workers.  The workers often included very young children who often suffered under long hours, difficult work, harsh punishments for mistakes, and serious and often life threatening bodily harmed caused by the machines.

Once investigations uncovered the dangerous conditions these children were working in, there was a movement to regulate the industry.  This movement was known as the "10 hour movement" since they were pushing for a reduced work day for children under the age of 16.  Of course, there was push back by factory owners who charged that regulation would cost them time and money. There were also some families who didn't want regulations because they needed their children to work to help support the family.  However, the reformers prevailed and The Factory Act of 1833 was passed with the goal of improving working conditions for these children.  

The Factory Act included the following provisions: no children under 9 could work in the factories, children aged 9 to 13 could work no more than 48 hours a week, children aged 9-13 could only work 8 hours a day, children between the ages of 13 and 18 could only work 12 hours a day, and children under the age of 13 had to receive 2 hours of schooling a day.  Perhaps the most important characteristic of the Factory Act was that it created a "inspectorate of factories", a group charged with ensuring that the new regulations were being followed.  Sadly, the group was much to small (only having four members) to handle the task, so the Act was not widely followed, however it started the precedent for the government oversight that was needed to ensure the safety of the workers.

How do Fezziwig and the present-day Scrooge compare as employers in A Christmas Carol?

Fezziwig, Scrooge's first employer, appears in the second stave of A Christmas Carol. The first glimpse of Fezziwig's character shows him to be a jovial and happy person:

He rubbed his hands; adjusted his capacious waistcoat; laughed all over himself, from his shows to his organ of benevolence; and called out in a comfortable, oily, rich, fat, jovial voice.

This provides an immediate contrast with the present-day Scrooge who is miserly and mean-spirited by nature and who turns away every man who visits his office, even his own nephew, Fred, who invites him for dinner on Christmas Day. 

In addition, unlike Scrooge, Fezziwig treats his employees well by keeping the office "snug, and warm, and dry" during the cold winter days. Scrooge, in contrast, is so mean that poor Bob Cratchit has only a single coal to burn and has to use a "white comforter" to keep himself warm.

Furthermore, unlike Scrooge, Fezziwig is eager to stop work in time for a Christmas party, to which he has invited all of his family, friends and employees. Compare this with Scrooge who is reluctant to let Bob have Christmas Day off and certainly would not consider throwing a party to celebrate the season. In fact, he tells Bob (in Stave One) to "be here all the earlier the next morning." 

It is only after the visits of the three ghosts that Scrooge comes to resemble Fezziwig in his dealings as an employer. He has become kinder and more considerate: he sends a prize-winning turkey to Bob's house on Christmas morning, for example. Later, he visits the Cratchit's home and promises Bob a pay rise - a promise which he keeps. He also becomes a "second father" to Tiny Tim, just like Fezziwig was to the young Ebeneezer Scrooge, all those years ago. 

What are 2 negative adjectives about Antony from Julius Caesar? Is he stubborn by any chance? If so, how?

Antony is stubborn and ambitious.

Ambition is a common trait among the play’s characters, but it does not turn out well for any of them.  Antony wants power, and will do anything to get it.  He was Caesar’s right-hand man, and he believed that aligning with Caesar would increase his chances of advancement.  Even after Caesar died, he did not give up.

In the beginning of the play, Antony is Caesar’s flunky.  He does whatever Caesar wants, as is demonstrated when Caesar asks him to touch his wife during the race on the Feast of Lupercal.  When Caesar dies, Antony is horrified. He sees his chances of advancement dying with him.

Antony demonstrates his stubbornness when he makes a prescient announcement after finding Caesar’s body.

And Caesar's spirit, ranging for revenge,
With Ate by his side come hot from hell,
Shall in these confines with a monarch's voice
Cry 'Havoc,' and let slip the dogs of war;
That this foul deed shall smell above the earth
With carrion men, groaning for burial. (Act 3, Scene 2)

Antony is willing to throw Rome into civil war to prevent the assassins from taking charge of Rome.

Antony takes charge after Caesar dies.  He does not just disappear into the woodwork, as Brutus predicted. Instead he confronts Brutus and his cronies, and asks to speak at Caesar’s funeral.  This is incredibly ambitious and cunning.  Antony knows that he can sway people’s opinions of Caesar, and of Brutus.

Antony’s speech is successful.  The people of Rome turn on Brutus and the others, and Antony is in charge.  This is short-lived though.  To keep power, Antony needs allies.  His biggest threat is Octavius, Caesar’s nephew and heir.  Antony forms a triumvirate with Octavius and the leader of the other big army, Lepidus.

Antony’s skill at manipulation is no match for Octavius’s.  Although Antony was able to delay Octavius long enough to make his speech, he had to work with the young man eventually.  Part of the process of the triumvirate is proscription, the killing of enemies or taking of their property.  When Lepidus comments that one of the condemned is Antony’s sister’s son, Antony’s response demonstrates his ruthlessness.

He shall not live; look, with a spot I damn him.
But, Lepidus, go you to Caesar's house;
Fetch the will hither, and we shall determine
How to cut off some charge in legacies. (Act 4, Scene 1)

Ruthlessness aids ambition, and so does stubbornness.  Antony is able to stay one step ahead of Octavius or at least neck and neck with him until after they defeat Brutus and Cassius.  From that point on it will be a battle between the two of them, and eventually Octavius will win.  Ambition and stubbornness are no match for brilliance.

What would be the solution to K(x)=e^2x-3 ,x=2? Can anyone explain how you solve it?

`K(x)=e^(2x) - 3`

To evaluate this function when x=2, plug-in this value.

`K(2) = e^(2*2) - 3`

`K(2) = e^4-3`

This is the exact value of the function K(x) when x=2.

Using a calculator to compute, it yields an approximate value

`K(2) ~~ 51.6`

Therefore, the exact value of the function K(x) when x=2 is  `e^4-3` .

Why was Miss Emily viewed as a "fallen monument"?

Miss Emily represents the American South as it was before the Civil War.  She comes from wealth that was built on the backs of slaves, and that wealth is now gone.  She is the last of the Griersons. Her house and her person are both symbolic of how the South has "fallen."

The house in which Miss Emily resides is a mansion that has clearly seen better days. It has "cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies...on what had once been our most select street" (1). It is now in "coquettish decay" (1), an "eyesore among eyesores" (1).  When the townspeople go to try to collect the taxes that Miss Emily owes, they are admitted to a house that "smelled of dust and disuse - a close, dank smell" (1). 

Miss Emily herself deteriorates throughout the story. She is obese and "bloated" (1) during this first visit to the house. When her father dies, she shows clear evidence of mental deterioration, denying that her father has died.  Her hair begins to turn gray, and she remains obese.  For the most part, she remains sequestered in her house, with the notable exception of her purchase of rat poison.  She never is financially able to pay her taxes, she has shut off large parts of the house because she cannot maintain them, and she dies alone in a downstairs room, "her gray head propped up on a pillow yellow and moldy with age and lack of sunlight" (5). 

The specter of the Civil War hangs heavy over this story. After the war, Miss Emily is "a fallen monument" (1), living in a house that is fallen, too.  The demise of the ruling class of the South is represented in Miss Emily, who is the last in her family, and possibly the last of that generation in her town.                        

How might happiness be used as a dependent and independent variable in studies?

The independent variable in a study is the variable that's manipulated or changed  by the researcher. The dependent variable is the variable that changes in response to manipulation of the independent variable. Let's say that someone wanted to find out if there's a correlation between happiness and participation in a team sport.

If happiness is the dependent variable, the hypothesis would be something like "People who participate in a team sport are happier than those who don't." For this experiment, the researcher would have an experimental group of people who participate in a team sport and a control group of people who don't participate in team sports but who have other characteristics in common. Participation in a sport would be the independent variable. What the researcher would be measuring is the subjects' happiness, which is the dependent variable. This could be assessed through survey questions, an interview, or observation of behavior. 

If happiness is the independent variable, the hypothesis might be "People who are happy are more likely to participate in a team sport." The researcher would group subjects according to their measured or reported levels of happiness. There could be an experimental group that's considered happy and a control group that's not, or several groups with various levels of assessed or reported happiness. The dependent variable would then be the subject's participation or lack thereof in a team sport.

What is the resolution in Chains? What are the plot events in the story?

The plot is a very particular series of events with the following labels:  exposition, inciting incident, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.  The exposition of the book happens when we learn about Isabel being a slave in the time of the American Revolution.  The inciting incident happens when Ruth, Isabel's sister, is taken away and Curzon is imprisoned.  Isabel vows to find Ruth and help Curzon as Isabel struggles with the ideals of the Loyalists vs. the Patriots.  The rising action is often the largest part of a novel.  This novel is no exception.  There are many events in the rising action that increase the tension in the story.  For example, in the rising action Isabel chooses the rebel side, brings food and supplies to Bridwell prison, and contemplates freedom.  The climax (the height of the tension) happens when Isabel frees Curzon from prison by pushing him in a wheelbarrow past the guard.  The main part of your question, of course, is about the resolution of the story.  The resolution happens when the conflict is resolved and is usually found at the very end.  After the climax of the story, Curzon regains his health and travels with Isabel to find Ruth.  This is most definitely the resolution to Chains.

Who is the intended audience for "Legalism" in the book Worlds of History by Kevin Reilly?

It looks like you may be referring to Han Fei's Legalism in the chapter on philosophers from China and Rome in Kevin Reilly's Worlds of History Volume I: To 1550: A Comparative Reader/ Edition 5.

As to who is the intended audience for Legalism, that would most likely be rulers in ancient China, specifically the King of Han, Han Fei's cousin. History tells us that Han Fei was a member of the royal family of Han, one of the states during the Warring States Period in China. As a learned man, he was continually frustrated by his one encompassing weakness: he stuttered. As a result, he was perceived as less intelligent and less wise than other statesmen in the Han kingdom.

During the Warring States Period, Han Fei tried unsuccessfully to advise his cousin in military and political matters. However, his advice fell on deaf ears; so, Han Fei took to writing down his thoughts. His words were so eloquent that today, he is known as the foremost proponent of the School of Law doctrine or Legalism. You can read his treatise on legalism in his book, Han Feizi, which contains fifty-five essays.

Although Han Fei's advice was ignored by his cousin, the King of Han, another ruler took his words to heart. He was none other than the King of Qin, Shi Huang Di, who became the first Emperor of a united China. In fact, the King of Qin was so impressed with Han Fei that he mulled over the idea of employing him in a political capacity in the new Qin dynasty. However, Li Si, his minister (and Han Fei's old nemesis) manipulated matters so that Shi Huang Di's mind turned against the Han statesman. Han Fei was then thrown into prison, and he eventually committed suicide by ingesting poison.

What is legalism? It is basically the law enshrined as the preeminent authority in any kingdom. Han Fei's legalist theories disavowed the Confucian 'government rule by virtue;' instead the rule by law constituted three main principles:

1)Fa: this is the law or abiding principle of any kingdom. The law is irrevocable and final in its authority.

2)Shu: this is the method or tactic of ruling. Legalist rulers maintained order through a draconian system of punishments and rewards. There are no exceptions to any rule.

3)Shi: this is the power or legitimacy to rule. It is the law, not moral authority, which confers the right to rule on a king.

As an example, let's look at Chapter Seven of Han Fei's book, where he mentions the two handles of 'chastisement and commendation.'

To inflict death or torture upon culprits, is called chastisement; to bestow encouragements or rewards on men of merit, is called commendation.

Thus, when an intelligent ruler keeps ministers in service, no minister is allowed either to override his post and get merits thereby nor to utter any word not equivalent to a fact. Whoever overrides his post is put to death; whoever makes a word not equivalent to a fact is punished. If everyone has to do his official duty, and if whatever he says has to be earnest, then the ministers cannot associate for treasonable purposes.

The above is an example of Legalism in terms of autocratic rule. In fact, if you were to read through all fifty-five essays, you will notice something very interesting. Many of Han Fei's thoughts are echoed in another political treatise centuries later; this would be The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli, the 16th century Italian politician and statesman. He argued that the need for strong leadership is necessary to keep government ministers faithful even when they change their minds. Compare the words of Han Fei and Machiavelli below:

For this reason, every sovereign is molested, murdered, deluded, or deceived, because he had lost the handles of chastisement and commendation and let the ministers use them, inviting danger and ruin accordingly. (Han Feizi Chapter VII: The Two Handles).

Besides the reasons mentioned, the nature of the people is variable, and whilst it is easy to persuade them, it is difficult to fix them in that persuasion. And thus it is necessary to take such measures that, when they believe no longer, it may be possible to make them believe by force. (The Prince: Chapter VI — Concerning New Principalities Which Are Acquired By One's Own Arms And Ability).

To read Han Fei's work, please refer to Legalism.

How does the poem "Alone" tie in with Edgar Allan Poe's life?

"Alone" is a poem told in the first-person point of view as an adult looks back on his childhood. The narrator realizes that a childhood of isolation and loneliness separated him from other children and not only affected his life as a child but continues to affect him in the present day. Much of Poe's work has an autobiographical tone to it, and "Alone" is no exception. There is evidence of isolation, rejection, and loneliness in Poe's upbringing that can very easily allow readers to believe that the "I" narrator in "Alone" is, in no small part, Poe himself. 

Many people assume Poe was an only child; in fact, he had a brother and a sister who went to live with different families when Poe's mother died. This separation from his siblings could have contributed to the sense of loneliness so prevalent throughout the narrator's childhood. 

Readers can see Poe's childhood upbringing in the very first line of the poem:

From childhood’s hour I have not been

As others were—I have not seen

As others saw—I could not bring

My passions from a common spring—

Poe lost both of his natural parents at a young age (his father abandoned the family and his mother died of tuberculosis), and he went to live with John and Frances Allan. John Allan was gruff, and he never treated Poe as his natural-born son. In fact, when Allan died, he left Poe entirely out of his will in spite of being the only father figure Poe had ever known. The first stanza of the poem suggests some of the frustration Poe must have felt in his foster home that led to him feeling misunderstood and alone. 

The poem is believed to have been written in 1829, though it was not published during Poe's lifetime. In 1829, Poe was 20 years old, and it is the year Frances Allan died. His age, the death of his foster mother, and an escalating estrangement with his foster father make this a likely time for him to have been highly introspective and look back on his childhood to investigate how his childhood influenced his newly adult life. 

Though Poe never specified the autobiographical elements of the poem, readers who know even a basic biography of his life's events can begin to see how Poe might have felt fully capable of writing about isolation, loneliness, and how he felt, "...all I lov’d—I lov’d alone—."

What do the children sing songs about in the first chapter of We Have Always Lived in the Castle?

The children see a song about poisoning to terrorize Merricat by recalling her family history.

The worst incident in Merricat’s life was the time her family sat down to dinner and it turned out to be the last meal for most of them.  The poisoning is common knowledge, as well as the reclusive nature of the remaining Blackwood family members.  Someone has to get groceries though, and that means that Merricat must venture into the world.

These trips make Merricat very nervous.  She does not like leaving the house, and being around people.  Almost no one is nice to her.  Everyone knows her family’s story, and they either harass her or look at her suspiciously.  Some people are crueler than others.  Even the children of the village seem to delight in torturing her.  Their favorite way seems to be a schoolyard chant.

Merricat, said Connie, would you like a cup of tea?

Oh no, said Merricat, you’ll poison me.

Merricat, said Connie, would you like to go to sleep?

Down in the boneyard ten feet deep! (Ch. 1)

Merricat tries to ignore them, pretending she does not understand.  She has several coping methods, most of them elaborate delusions and mind games, to get through these visits to town.  The children do not let her off easily though, and continue to taunt her by calling after her.  Their mother tells them not to call her names, but she laughs along with them.

The incident in town, including the children’s reaction to Merricat, demonstrates how isolated Merricat and her family has been since the incident.  Constance does not leave the house, and Uncle Julian can’t, so that leaves Merricat.  Every single member of the Blackwood family is mentally unstable and reclusive.  The entire village knows that the family was poisoned, and even though Constance was acquitted, they have convicted her in their minds.

Why does Fortunato laugh while he is chained to the wall?

Fortunato is hoping against hope that he can somehow get Montresor to release him. His laughter is forced. He does not see anything funny about what has happened to him. It is horrible. But he pretends to believe that he has been the victim of a practical joke and that he is sure Montresor has no intention of leaving him there to die. This would give Montresor an excuse for releasing him if Montresor had a change of heart. Fortunato makes his strategy clear when he says:

But is it not getting late? Will not they be awaiting us at the palazzo, the Lady Fortunato and the rest? Let us be gone.”

He wants Montresor to think that his wife and many other people are expecting him at his palazzo and that there will be relatives, friends, and servants out looking for him if he doesn't show up soon. (This is why he suggests that it is getting late.) He also says, "awaiting us" rather than "awaiting me." This is to suggest several things, mainly that a lot of people have seen them together walking in the direction of Fortunato's palazzo, and therefore there will be suspicion directed against Montresor if Fortunato disappears. But "awaiting us" also is intended to suggest that they are very good friends and that Montresor is always a welcome guest at Fortunato's home. This last is probably not true. Among the many "injuries" Fortunato has inflicted on Montresor are probably social snubs. Montresor has not been invited to important social functions at Fortunato's home, as he knows from reading the newspapers; He is treated more as an acquaintance than a friend of the family. Montresor is an outsider. Fortunato is hoping to frighten Montresor into releasing him and offering him a plausible explanation for doing so. But Montresor has previously ascertained that Fortunato has no "engagement." When Fortunato shows his eagerness to go to Montresor's palazzo to sample the purely fictitiouss Amontillado, Montresor suggests for the second time that he believes Fortunato is expected at home or somewhere else.

“My friend, no; I will not impose upon your good nature. I perceive you have an engagement. Luchesi—”

“I have no engagement;—come.”

That is what Montresor wanted to hear. He wants to leave a cold trail. No one is expecting Fortunato at home. He is out carousing and may not return home all night. And Montresor knows that releasing Fortunato now would be fatal. Fortunato might part on friendly terms, but he would be so outraged at being victimized by this "jest" that he would probably have Montresor murdered. 

Fortunato would like to believe that this is an "excellent jest," but he is about ninety-nine percent certain that it is not a jest. His hope that it might be a jest is what gives him the idea of pretending to think it is a jest. Nevertheless he has to laugh as if he is sure that it must be a practical joke, or "jest." 

How does Charlie understand commas in "Flowers for Algernon" by Daniel Keyes?

When Charlie first starts writing his progress reports for Dr. Strauss, he uses very little punctuation. In his April 16 progress report, he writes that Miss Kinnian taught him about the comma that day. He calls it a "period with a tail" (Keyes 14). Charlie knows commas are important, but he hasn't quite figured out where to use them as his progress report is filled with them. He thinks that all of the periods should have tails, but once Miss Kinnian corrects him, he begins to understand. Charlie also finds out there are many different kinds of punctuation marks. In his next progress report, he uses all of them, but he obviously still doesn't quite get it. However, on April 18, Charlie reads the entire grammar book, and once he does that, he completely understands all punctuation from periods and commas to dashes and apostrophes!

Am I understanding correct that genotype is the basic genetic property while phenotype is the observable property?

The genotype is the unique combination of genes an organism inherits from its parents at fertilization. The egg and sperm each contain a haploid set of chromosomes and the zygote produced at fertilization contains a diploid set of chromosomes.

The phenotype refers to the observable traits in an organism. These traits follow Mendelian genetics principles along with effects on the phenotype due to environmental influence.

To demonstrate genotype vs. phenotype we can examine the trait of handedness in humans.  Whether someone is left or right- handed is determined by a pair of genes with the gene for right- handed --dominant and the gene for left- handed-- recessive.

A person who is left- handed will know her genotype as well as her phenotype. The only combination that will produce a left-handed phenotype in an individual is if that person has two recessive left -handed genes in their genotype.

To contrast this, a person with a right-handed phenotype could have either of two genotypes--two right- handed genes (homozygous) or one right handed dominant gene and one left- handed recessive gene- (heterozygous). There is no way to tell a person's genetic makeup or genotype if they exhibit the dominant trait--the right handed phenotype by merely looking at them.

To conclude, phenotype is the trait we observe in an individual and genotype is the actual gene pair an individual inherits for that trait. Keep in mind that we have many recessive traits that are not expressed if they are paired with a dominant trait and therefore will not be seen in the phenotype of that individual.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect immigration?

The Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on immigration to the United States. As more factories were being built, more workers were needed to work in those factories. Many people in Europe were struggling economically. They had heard there were plenty of jobs available in the United States. Thus, they came to this country, in part, to improve their economic condition. They hoped they could achieve a better quality of life and establish a better standard of living in the United States than they had in Europe.

Many of the immigrants settled in the cities. This is where the factories were located. This led to the development of ethnic neighbors within cities so the immigrants could be with people who spoke their language, shared common experiences, and had the same culture. These ethnic neighborhoods helped ease the difficult process facing the immigrants of assimilating into the American society.

In part, as a result of the Industrial Revolution, the United States became a more diverse society. The Industrial Revolution helped our country grow as more immigrants came to the United States in search of jobs and a better way of life.

Where is Pencey Prep?

Early in the first chapter of The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield writes that Pencey Prep is located in Agerstown, Pennsylvania. Both Pencey Prep and Agerstown are fictional. Salinger obviously could not name a real school in the novel, and if he named a real town it could suggest a real school. Pencey Prep must be located on the extreme east side of the state of Pennsylvania because it is only a short distance from "Agerstown" to New York City. Holden had gone to New York by train "that morning" for a fencing tournament, and he had lost all the fencing equipment on the subway. Evidently it only takes a a couple of hours to get from the fictional town in Pennsylvania to Penn Station in Manhattan. The town of "Agerstown" must be located close to the New Jersey border, so it is only a matter of crossing the narrow state of New Jersey to get to Penn Station. He is back at Pencey in time to watch part of a football game with Saxon Hall.

I remember around three o'clock that afternoon I was standing way the hell up on top of Thornton Hill, right next to this crazy cannon that was in the Revolutionary War and all.

It has been thought that Pencey Prep was the name given to Valley Forge Academy in Wayne, Pennsylvania, which J. D. Salinger attended. The distance from Wayne to Manhattan is less than 100 miles.

Why is it a compliment to Matt when Attean does not lead him back to the cabin after his visit to Attean's village?

In chapter 19, Matt is invited to Attean’s village by Attean’s grandmother. She was impressed that Matt, a white boy, would save a Native American’s dog. On this trip to the village, as before, Attean shows Matt the way to the village. During the visit, it is clear that Attean and his tribe accept Matt. He feels as if he has gained their respect.

In the past, after visiting the village, Attean walked Matt all the way back to his cabin, showing him the way. However, Attean has been teaching Matt how to track his way through the woods as the boys went hunting, fishing or to visit the village. This time, when leaving the village, Attean only travels with Matt long enough to take him across the water in his canoe. Once there, even though it is dark, Attean lets Matt out but does not follow him as before to walk him back to the cabin. Matt realizes that Attean believes in his skill and abilities to make it through the woods alone. This respect from Attean is a compliment to Matt.

In chapter 4 of Night by Elie Wiesel, what did the two prisoners who helped with the hanging receive as a reward?

In Chapter Four of Night by Elie Wiesel, a young prisoner is hanged before an assembly of prisoners at Buna Concentration Camp. His crime, according to the Kapo, was stealing during an alert. And for this, he faced the death penalty. Two prisoners helped in this task by pulling the chair out from under the condemned youth. As they were about to do this, the young man who had just been convicted and sentenced yelled out,

"Long live liberty! A curse upon Germany! A curse...! A cur--" (Wiesel 60)

After the hanging, all of the prisoners were ordered to take off their caps in order to pay their final respects and then walk past the hanged man. The Kapos forced each of them to fully stare at him as he swung by his neck on the hangman's rope. 

The two prisoners who helped with the hanging were rewarded with a plate of soup each.

How is chlorine prepared in the laboratory?

The most way common method of preparing chlorine gas in the laboratory is by using manganese dioxide to oxidize hydrochloric acid, as shown by this equation:

`MnO_2 + 4 HCl -> Cl_2 + MnCl_2 + 2H_2O`

The manganese dioxide is heated with concentrated HCl, and the gas produced is bubbled through water to remove any HCl gas present. 

Chlorine can also be prepared by dripping concentrated hydrochloric acid on potassium permanganate crystals:

`2 KMnO_4 + 16 HCl -> 2 MnCl_2 + 2 KCl + 8 H_2O + 5 Cl_2`

Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that isn't found free in nature because it's highly reactive. It's toxic to living things. It's found in many compounds, the most common being NaCl which is abundant in sea water.

Chlorine gas can be accidently produced by combining cleaning products that containing bleach with those containing ammonia. Because it's a heavy gas it displaces air near the ground and creates a health hazard.

Compare and contrast the Carbon dioxide and Oxygen cycles.

The carbon dioxide and oxygen cycle represent a true "win-win" scenario in the earth today.  All green plants produce their own food through a process called photosynthesis.  The carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is an essential part of that process.  Light energy from the sun is combined with water from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air.  This produces glucose, a simple sugar, and releases oxygen back into the atmosphere as a waste product.

All animals (and plants, at night) make energy for their cells through a process called cellular respiration.  This process takes the glucose that was initially produced by the plants and combines it with oxygen from the atmosphere.  This manufactures free energy, in the form of ATP, with water and carbon dioxide as waste products.  The water and carbon dioxide are released back into the atmosphere.

Oxygen is the second most plentiful gas in the atmosphere, at 21%.  Carbon dioxide has traditionally been under 1%, with other trace gasses.  Recent manufacturing processes have stepped up production of carbon dioxide, resulting in a phenomenon known as global warming.  Increased levels of carbon dioxide cause a rise in temperatures world-wide.

Why is lead oxide a stronger oxidising agent than tin oxide?

There are two lead oxides and two tin oxides:

PbO2, PbO, SnO2 and SnO.

Lead(IV)oxide, (PbO2) is a stronger oxidizing agent than either tin(II)oxide or tin(IV) oxide because it has a higher tendency to be reduced, which means to gain electrons. A substance is reduced when it oxidizes or takes electrons from another substance. This higher oxidizing ability of lead(IV) ion is due to a reversal in a periodic trend.

The elements in Group 4A tend to lose 4 electrons, forming 4+ ions. The total ionization energy decreases going down the group until you get to lead. The total ionization energy for Pb4+ is slightly higher than for Sn4+, making Pb less likely to lose 4 electrons.

The Pb(4+) ion is unstable and is easily oxidized to the Pb(2+) ion. There's a phenomenon shown by the heaviest elements in which the electrons are pulled in closer to the nucleus and the two s electrons aren't easily removed. This makes the 2+ ion of lead (in which only the two 5p electrons are given up) more stable than the 4+ ion.

Why do kids have to go to school so early in California?

I don't think that you mean early in the day.  I teach in San Diego, and most schools start around 8 in the morning.  Some schools have a "zero" period that starts at 7 in the morning, but students don't have to take that period.  A lot of the time athletes will choose to take a class that period in order to have the last period of the day off.  That makes it easier for them to not miss class on days with away games.  I taught for a few years in Michigan, and the school that I taught at there had a start time of 7:30 a.m.  So California schools are starting later than that one.  

If you mean earlier in the year, then you are correct.  Most of the schools in my area start around August 15.  That's a lot earlier than many other places that start around September 1 and Labor Day.  

California schools do this for a variety of reasons.  One reason is sports.  Playoff dates and schedules are set and basically unmovable.  Starting school earlier in the year, guarantees coaches that athletes are on campus.  Teams get more consistent practices in if school is in session.  An earlier school start helps out athletics.  

Another reason to start school earlier in the year is that it guarantees 1st semester is finished before Christmas break.  If a semester is 18 weeks long, the school year has to start early enough to finish those 18 weeks before December 20ish.  

A third reason is advanced placement courses.  AP exam dates are set as well.  If a school starts two weeks earlier, then AP teachers get an additional two weeks before the AP exams to prepare those students.  

How can I relate Life of Pi to real life?

I think one way to relate The Life of Pi to real life is to think about Pi's outlook on religion.  Pi claims that he is Christian, Muslim, and Hindu . . . at the same time.  Every time I see the "Coexist" bumper sticker, I think of Pi.  I think of Pi, because he doesn't have a problem with all three religions coexisting within his life.  He sees the three religions coexist within the city of Pondicherry, and he believes that they can successfully coexist within himself as well.  I think that outlook on life and religion is incredibly relevant to "real life."  If more religious fanatics could see religions like Pi sees religions, I think there would be a lot less violence around the world.  

A bigger "real life" application of the story for me is the theme of never giving up.  Pi is in a bad situation.  He's stuck on a life boat with minimal supplies in the middle of a huge ocean.  Oh yeah, and don't forget that there is a giant, hungry tiger in the boat with him.  But despite Pi's dire circumstances, he works one problem at a time and ceases to give up.  If you've read Andy Weir's book The Martian, it's the same kind of concept.  Both Watney and Pi are somehow able to correctly work one problem at a time and maintain high levels of hope.  I think that is incredibly applicable to real life.  That kind of positive thinking and "keep moving forward" attitude is something that I try to instill in my students and the athletes that I coach.  Life will always throw curve balls and give you set backs.  That's to be expected.  What's important though is how you handle those set backs and find ways to keep moving forward.  That's what The Life of Pi teaches readers about real life. 

In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, what are the tragic flaws of the protagonist?

Julius Caesar has at least two tragic flaws as he is depicted in Shakespeare's play. Those flaws are ambition and hubris. There can be no doubt that he aims to become king of the Roman people or that he will want even greater aggrandizement after that first step. He maintains a modest profile up to the point at which he is about to be crowned king by the senate. He knows that his ambition and his hubris would work in his disfavor if the masses knew about them. It isn't until minutes before he is to be crowned that Shakespeare has him reveal his tragic flaws for all the Romans and all of Shakespeare's English audience to see. Brutus and Antony may argue about whether Caesar was truly ambitious, but Shakespeare's audience should have had little doubt about the truth. Here is a flagrant example from Act III, Scene 1.

CAESAR
I could be well moved, if I were as you;
If I could pray to move, prayers would move me;
But I am constant as the northern star,
Of whose true-fix'd and resting quality
There is no fellow in the firmament.
The skies are painted with unnumber'd sparks;
They are all fire and every one doth shine;
But there's but one in all doth hold his place.
So in the world, 'tis furnish'd well with men,
And men are flesh and blood, and apprehensive;
Yet in the number I do know but one
That unassailable holds on his rank,
Unshaked of motion; and that I am he,
Let me a little show it, even in this;
That I was constant Cimber should be banish'd,
And constant do remain to keep him so.

Hubris is defined as excessive pride or self-confidence. Caesar has demonstrated supreme hubris throughout his entire lifetime. He thinks of himself as being different from ordinary men. In Greek tragedy it was common for the gods to punish hubris. The gods did not like being rivaled by humans. This is interesting because the gods were both superior and inferior to humans. They had been created by human imagination and could be overthrown if humans ceased to believe in them. That is what has actually happened to the Greek gods--so they were right in feeling threatened by hubris. 

Shakespeare seems to have created the speech quoted above in order to show his audience that Brutus and Cassius were correct in their assessment of Caesar's character and their forebodings about what Caesar would become if the Senate made him king. But Caesar was such a powerful figure that death could not stop him. His spirit continued to overshadow Roman history for many centuries. His nephew Octavius achieved what Caesar intended to achieve. Octavius became emperor and after his death an immortal god. The successors of Octavius also became emperors and gods and continued to bear the name of Caesar.

What are some important places in The Hunger Games and why is each so important?

For a broad location, each of the 12 Districts is important.  To Katniss, the districts are completely unimportant.  She is from District 12, which happens to be a very poor district.  Consequently, she must break some rules by going outside the fence to hunt food for her family.  The 12 Districts are more important to the reader though.  The author uses the 12 locations to help build a semi-plausible post-apocalyptic world.  Each district is ruled by the Capitol and should technically have the same socioeconomic situation, but they do not.  The districts are important because they represent the continued oppression of certain groups.  

The Capitol is another important location, because it represents everything that Katniss will be eventually leading the Districts against.  The Capitol thrives as other Districts starve themselves to make ends meet and give the Capitol what it demands.  The Capitol is a completely hedonistic society with no other concerns other than pursuing personal pleasures.  Even if it is at the expense of other people's lives.  

A third location is Katniss's home.  It should be a sanctuary for her, but it's not.  Her home is the most stressful place in Katniss's life, because it's there that Katniss is always confronted with the need to care for her younger sister.  She has to work hard at protecting and feeding her sister, because Katniss's mom is next to useless.  The mom operates in a near catatonic state, which forces Katniss to care for the person that should be strength center of the family. 

What is happening in the park later that evening and who is involved?

In Part One, Chapter Two, the reader learns that an execution is due to take place that evening in the park:

Some Eurasian prisoners, guilty of war crimes, were to be hanged...This happened about once a month and was a popular spectacle.

These public executions are, thus, a constant presence in the lives of the citizens of Oceania. Even children are encouraged to attend and this explains the excitement and over-zealous behaviour from the Parsons children when Winston visits their flat to carry out some repairs. 

That the party practices such violence in public is representative of the extent of its control. Executions are visual reminders of the consequences of rebellion and thus act as a strong deterrent to people like Winston. It is interesting to note that the park is the setting for a chance encounter between Winston and Julia in Part Three, Chapter Six, after their imprisonment in the Ministry of Love and 'reintegration' in society. The park is therefore a symbol of the party's power and its unfaltering ability to weed out rebellion and transform it into love for Big Brother. 

Helen's firm determination and hard work enabled her to achieve what she wanted. Elaborate this statement in 150 words with regards to The Story of...

I will provide some examples below of how Helen's determination and hard work allowed her to achieve many things in her life.

Helen did not learn to fully communicate until she was seven years old.  This only happened when Annie Sullivan came to be her teacher.  Despite this delay, Helen was a fast learner.  Once Helen first made the connection between the letters being spelled into her hands and the things around her, she made great strides in her learning.  She worked very hard and her determination helped her to even attend college.  

In college, Helen could not listen to the professors in order to take notes.  Instead, she needed someone to spell every word of the teacher's lecture into her hand.  Helen was able to follow along, but she could not take notes.  Despite this challenge and others, Helen still graduated Magna Cum Laude.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a narrow span of control?

The concept of span of control is an important concept in business. It refers to how many workers a manager is supervising. There are advantages and disadvantages to having a narrow span of control.

When a manager has a narrow span of control, the manager will be able to communicate quickly with the employees that he or she is supervising. The manager should also have a good handle on what is going on in the business. These advantages may be beneficial for the company.

When a manager has a narrow span of control, issues may also arise. The manager may be perceived as being too involved and meddling too much. A supervisor who is too involved may threaten workers. This may reduce creativity and productivity. It may also lead to poor morale in the company.

It is important for a company to determine the proper span of control. This will help the company grow and its workers thrive.

In the poem "The Raven" how does Poe use motif to create mood?

In “The Raven,” Edgar Allan Poe uses motif to create the mood of melancholy and longing. A motif is a repetitious idea, sound, or image in a piece of literature. Poe repeats the sounds in the words “nothing more,” “evermore,” and “nevermore” at the end of stanzas. The sound of these words mimic “Lenore," the name of the young man’s deceased girlfriend. At the beginning of the poem he is trying to determine who is at his door, and in his sadness he hopes that it is his beloved Lenore, but he looks into the hall and finds nothing. Later in the poem the raven flies in and perches on the bust of Pallas.

The young man tortures himself questioning the raven. The raven was trained by his unknown owner to say “Nevermore.” Even when the young man asks if there will be relief in the end, he receives the same answer.

"Is there—is there balm in Gilead?—tell me—tell me, I implore!" Quoth the Raven, "Nevermore."

Each repetition from the beginning to the end of the poem leads the young man deeper and deep into his sadness.

In the Wife of Bath's Tale from The Canterbury Tales, to what extent does the tale undermine the medieval belief in natural hierarchy in which men...

This gender-bending tale strongly undermines the medieval belief in the natural hierarchy of male superiority over women. First, the tale's narrator is a strong, feisty woman who knows her own mind, has been widowed and remarried five times, earns her own money, and isn't afraid to say what she thinks. Second, she tells the story of a knight who ends up under the power of more than one woman. First, as a penalty for rape, King Arthur puts this knight in the hands of the queen, to do with what she will.

The queen sets up a situation in which the knight must think about women as more than sex objects: she insists he find out what women really want. This means he will have to engage with women as distinct humans with minds and souls, not as beings merged into their husbands. 

The queen gives the knight a year and day to find the answer, and at the end he is desperate. Once again he finds himself under the power of a woman: he agrees to marry an old hag if she gives him the correct response to what women want. She tells him women want to rule their husbands. This is correct, and the knight marries the hag. She says she can be beautiful by day and ugly by night or vice versa. When he tells her to decide for herself, this is music to her ears, for it is allowing the wife to rule. As a reward, she tells him she will be beautiful all the time--and faithful.

The story shows that, from the point of view of women, the "natural hierarchy" of man over women was not natural. It illustrates through the knight that men and women get along better when women have power in a relationship. Finally, the Wife of Bath moves beyond only wishing to upset the male/female hierarchy: she challenges the whole hierarchy of a society based on birth. She states, "Christ wants us to claim our nobility from him, not our ancestors," a radical notion in those times. 

Describe the relationship between Jerry and his mother at the beginning of the story "Through the Tunnel."

The relationship between Jerry and his mother at the beginning of the story is pretty typical of children at Jerry's age (eleven) and their parents.  His mother is conflicted about how much freedom she ought to allow him: she doesn't want to smother him but neither is she ready to give him complete independence.  When he expresses a wish to go to the "wild bay" alone, rather than with her to their usual "safe beach," she thinks

Of course he's old enough to be safe without me.  Have I been keeping him too close?  He mustn't feel he ought to be with me.  I must be careful [....].  She was determined to be neither possessive nor lacking in devotion.

Like most parents, she's torn about offering him the freedom he needs in order to become an adult.  She wants to protect him and keep him safe, and this becomes impossible if he achieves independence from her.

Moreover, Jerry feels conflicted about his mother, too.  On the one hand, he really wants his freedom, but he also feels obligated to her, perhaps because of her status as a widow.  He knows that she is alone without him, and so he first declines her offer of freedom, "smiling at her out of that unfailing impulse of contrition -- a sort of chivalry."  He knows he will feel guilty if he leaves her on her own.  He is later "lonely" without her, when he is in his "wild bay," looking at her on her regular beach.  Even by the end of the story, he still very much desires her attention and approval (despite the sense we get from his desire for the older boys' approval at the rock that her attention and approval will soon no longer be enough for him).

What is the function of Stella's pregnancy and the newborn baby?

This is a very good question. Stella's pregnancy may have several functions, such as being a very conspicuous symbol of the exceptionally powerful sexual relationship between her and Stanley and her total dependence on him for support; but the coming baby seems primarily intended to serve as a "ticking clock," to use a Hollywood term. Blanche has moved into their small apartment where she is always in the way. She is taking up a space that will have to be used for the baby when it comes. There will be a crib, a playpen, a bassinette, a dresser for baby clothes, a place to park a stroller, and a lot of the other paraphernalia required by babies. There is no other space for all this stuff except the area Blanche is currently using as a bedroom and dressing-room. Blanche is like a baby herself. She likes to be attended to by her sister Stella--but Stella will soon have a much more serious interest and responsibility than in an aging older sister. It is obvious that when the baby comes, Blanche will have to move out. But she has no money and no place to go. This will make her relationship with Mitch one of desperation. If she can get Mitch to marry her, that will solve all her problems. But otherwise she is facing the reality she dreads. No doubt her short future in the outside world would involve prostitution, acute alcoholism, and complete degradation. That was what was happening to her in her home town after she lost Belle Reve and what she ran away from. As it turns out, her problem is solved for her when she is taken to a state institution for the insane. The baby is born and the Kowalskis return to being a happy and healthy family with a future, while Blanche, a representative of the decadence of the Old South, is escorted off into oblivion.

Why do buddy and his friend make fruitcakes each year? Explain who they make them for.

Each year Buddy and his friend make fruitcakes for those who have shown them a small kindness, people who they are not well acquainted with, such as the President. The pair makes the cakes for people who come to town on occasion to lecture or provide a service to the townspeople for example the itinerant knife grinder. They do not make them for close friends because they do not have any. Buddy’s friend is very shy and seems to relate well to those who spend a few hours with them or those that they have not met. They keep a scrapbook of the thank-you notes they receive from people, and in this way relate to them without having to interact with them on a regular basis. This gives them a feeling of being part of something larger than their own little world. Buddy says,

Also, the scrapbooks we keep of thank-you's on White House stationery, time-to-time communications from California

and Borneo, the knife grinder's penny post cards, make us feel connected.