How are cells different from viruses?

To understand how cells are different from viruses, one must first understand what a virus is and how it functions. A virus is a small particle that exists as a capsid, which is generally defined as a protein coating that contains and protects the genetic material located inside. Viruses can only function inside a host cell, and while outside of a cell they lack the ability to generate the metabolic activity necessary for protein production and replication. Once a virus infects a host cell, it inserts its own genetic material, in the form of DNA or RNA, into the host cells genetic material, causing the host cell to create many copies of the virus, instead of the necessary proteins for healthy cell function and survival. These new viruses then leave the host cell, causing it to die, and go on to infect more cells. 

The main difference between a cell and a virus is that a cell, whether it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic, is metabolically active, and maintains all the necessary functions for self-replication. This is not possible in viruses. Cells are also different from viruses due to the presence of ribosomes, which are responsible for the process of protein synthesis. Various cell types can also contain many other organelles that are not present in viruses. Also, cells contain a cell membrane to hold in the cytoplasm and all of the components of the cell contained within it, while viruses, other than their external capsid protein coat, lack this feature. From an anatomical stand point cells are also much larger than viruses. 

Hope this helps!

Why is the outcome of Rikki-Tikki's fight with Nag uncertain?

Nag is a very large cobra, and Rikki is a very young mongoose. Nag was "five feet long from tongue to tail," but Rikki was such a young mongoose that he had never even "met a live cobra before." Nevertheless, when Rikki learns that Nag intends to kill the man, woman, and child, he is tingling with rage despite being afraid of the size of the snake. As Rikki surveys the sleeping cobra, he realizes that if he does not break Nag's back the first time he jumps on him, and if Nag is able to fight, his chances will not be good. The very thickness of the snake's neck under its hood is beyond the ability of Rikki's young teeth to effectively pierce, and biting the snake near the tail will only make the cobra violent. Rikki realizes he must bite the snake on the head above the hood, and that when he does so, he must not let go, no matter how hard the snake thrashes. 

This is exactly what Rikki does, and Nag whirls him "round in great circles." For a time it seems as though Rikki will be bashed to death by the snake's thrashing. Rikki determines to hang on even in death in order to bring honor to his species, so he clamps down even harder, despite the pain and dizziness he experiences. Thankfully the noise awakens the man and he comes with his shotgun. Rikki believes he is dead, but the man credits the mongoose with saving their lives. Rikki goes to sleep that night after "shaking himself tenderly to find out whether he really was broken into forty pieces, as he fancied." 

Because of the cobra's large size and Rikki's inexperience and youth, the battle between Nag and Rikki is not at all certain to go Rikki's way. But between the mongoose and the man, the snake met his match. 

In Louis Sachar's novel, Holes, why did Kate Barlow shoot the sheriff?

To answer the question, one needs to scrutinise the context in which the event occurred.

Kate was the local school teacher and much loved by the children. She fell in love with Sam, 'the onion man', so called because he grew onions across the lake which he would come to sell in town. His onions were very popular since they were believed to have healing properties. He regularly did favours for Miss Katherine (as she was called then) and fixed up the schoolhouse. Whatever task she gave him, he would always assert, 'I can fix that.'

Charles Walker (aka Trout), Sam's competition, had an eye on Miss Katherine and would attend her evening classes just to get her attention, but she was not interested in him even though he was the son of the richest man in the county. Trout was loud, arrogant and stupid.

When one of the residents in the town (Hettie Parker) saw Miss Katherine and Sam kiss, the news spread like wildfire through the town. The townspeople did not allow their children to attend school the next morning. In its place was a lynch mob led by Trout Walker. They came to destroy the schoolhouse. The townspeople were clearly racist and found it unacceptable that Ms Katherine should have a relationship with someone of a different racial persuasion.

Ms Katherine ran to the sheriff, begging for help: "They're destroying the schoolhouse," she said, gasping for breath. "They'll burn it to the ground if someone doesn't stop them!"
"Just calm your pretty self down a second," the sheriff said in a slow drawl. "And tell me what you're talking about."
He got up from his desk and walked over to her.
"Trout Walker has— "
"Now don't go saying nothing bad about Charles Walker," said the sheriff.
"We don't have much time!" urged Katherine. "You've got to stop them."
"You're sure pretty," said the sheriff.
Miss Katherine stared at him in horror.
"Kiss me," said the sheriff.
She slapped him across the face.
He laughed. "You kissed the onion picker. Why won't you kiss me?"
She tried to slap him again, but he caught her by the hand.
She tried to wriggle free. "You're drunk!" she yelled.
I always get drunk before a hanging."
"A hanging? Who— "
"It's against the law for a Negro to kiss a white woman."
"Well, then you'll have to hang me, too," said Katherine. "Because I kissed him back."
"It ain't against the law for you to kiss him," the sheriff explained. "Just for him to kiss you."
"We're all equal under the eyes of God," she declared.
The sheriff laughed. "Then if Sam and I are equal, why won't you kiss me?"
He laughed again. "I'll make you a deal. One sweet kiss, and I won't hang your boyfriend.
I'll just run him out of town."
Miss Katherine jerked her hand free. As she hurried to the door, she heard the sheriff say, "The law will punish Sam. And God will punish you."
She stepped back into the street and saw smoke rising from the schoolhouse.

The extract clearly shows that the sheriff was not intent on doing his job. In fact, it seems as if he was in cahoots with the rest of the townsfolk. The eventual outcome was that Miss Katherine warned Sam and the two of them tried to escape in his boat by crossing the river. Unfortunately, they were run down by Trout in his father's much faster boat. Sam was shot and killed in the water and when Miss Katherine returned to the shore, she found that Sam's beloved donkey, Mary Lou, had been shot in the head.

Three days later Miss Katherine shot the sheriff and gave him the kiss he had asked for. She killed him to avenge the murder of her dearest love. The sheriff had been complicit in his killing for he did not lift a finger to help. He had abandoned his duty because of his prejudice and the obviously corrupt relationship he had had with the Walkers.  

In "A Rose for Emily" by William Faulkner, who attended Miss Emily's funeral, and from their perspective, what would they have said as an...

In William Faulkner's short story "A Rose for Emily," the town watches for years for a sign of Miss Emily while she remains closed up in her house with only a servant to tend to her. Finally, she dies and takes them by surprise since the town did not know she was sick. 

The whole town comes to her funeral because the people are curious about her life and her house. The men are dressed in old Confederate uniforms and they sit on the porch and lawn talking about Miss Emily as if they remembered spending time with her in her youth. The women are curious about the inside of her house. Miss Emily's two female cousins come as well.

The story does not give detail about the cousins or the specific people of the town who attend the funeral. The most detail is given about the old men in the Confederate uniforms who imagine, in their confusion of time, that they courted her when she was a young woman. 

Obituaries by the people who attended her funeral might be like this:

1) Miss Emily's two cousins: "Her family loved her so. She was always a Grierson."

2) The women of the town: "We always wondered what Miss Emily kept in her big house, shut off to the world. And now we know that she kept the love of her life, Homer Baron, forever."

3) The old men in their Confederate uniforms (confused by time): "We loved Miss Emily when she was young. She danced like a ballerina... or was that someone else?"

How do you explain cultural, behavioral, and socioeconomic differences between groups differentiated by gender, race/ethnicity, religion, sexual...

This is a very general question and the answers often vary with period, location, and local traditions.

In countries where there are people of many different ethnic groups, at times those groups can become stratified, with the majority group becoming more powerful and systematically discriminating against minority groups.  At other times, ethnic diversity is the result of past conquests, such as in the Americas where descendants of Europeans (Spanish in South America, British and French in North America) imported their own religions and traditions to the regions they were colonizing. In colonial and post-colonial societies, many socioeconomic disparities are the result of colonization, in which the foreign colonizers simply laid claim to lands and resources. 

In primitive societies, much of the differentiation between genders depends on a fundamental biological difference, that women can bear children and nurse infants. In such societies, women tend to cluster in activities which are compatible with the need for child care and the exigencies of pregnancy. Because men and women in such societies share similar tasks with other members of their gender, there is a tendency for genders to develop their own customs, behaviors, and even language variants.

In many societies, homosexuals are a minority, and as such have developed various codes of communication which enable them to connect with other gay people under the radar, as it were, of heterosexual society. As with any oppressed minority, they tend to develop their own counterculture as a mode of resistance to heterosexist norms. 

What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence?

As the name suggests, the purpose of the Declaration of Independence was to announce to the world, to Great Britain, and to the people of the new United States that the former colonies were asserting their right to "assume among the powers of the earth" the status of a free and independent nation. They had several reasons for doing this at the time they did, however. Let us look at a few:

• They wanted recognition from European nations, especially France, from whom they hoped to receive military and economic aid. These nations were less likely to supply this aid when they perceived the war as an internal struggle within the British Empire.


• They needed to establish state governments. After the royal governments left when war broke out, a sort of power vacuum existed, and revolutionary leaders felt the need to establish new governments was urgent.


• They felt that, after more than a year of war, the relationship between the colonies and Great Britain was beyond saving. The war could no longer simply be about securing the rights of British subjects. The Declaration thus elevated the conflict in the minds of many of the colonists and ensured that no agreement could be reached between the revolutionaries and the British without independence.

For these reasons, the Declaration of Independence was issued.

How was Scout's life back in the 1930's?

Scout describes her life in 1930s Maycomb as slow and pleasant. Although it is the Great Depression and the town poor, Scout's father works as a lawyer and "derived a reasonable income" from it. The family lives in a house on the main residential street in town, meaning they are not poor, though nobody has any money to speak of then. Scout's mother has died, but the household includes a maid, Scout's brother, and their father. Scout describes her father, her hero, in understated terms as "satisfactory: he played with us, read to us, and treated us with courteous detachment." 

Scout remembers a secure, ordinary and happy childhood in a town where time moves slowly. People "ambled" and "shuffled." Days seemed longer than 24 hours, especially in the summer heat. These are the nostalgic recollections of a (fictional) adult looking at her childhood, reaching back in memory to recreate a time when the world seemed safe and innocent, although the idyll would soon be shattered. 

What is justice?

It is easy to define justice in the abstract but hard to know what is just in any particular circumstance. This is because justice is, for the most part, in the eye of the beholder.

In general, we can say that justice consists of people being treated in the way that they deserve.  In a just society, people who commit crimes would be punished in a way that is commensurate with their crime.  In a just society, people who have acted in correct ways should be rewarded in ways that are consistent with what they have done right.

The problem with this is that it is exceedingly difficult for people to determine what other people deserve. Let us say that someone commits a murder.  Clearly, this person should be punished, but how much punishment does he deserve? Does it depend on how cruelly he treated his victim before he killed them?  Does it depend on how badly he had been mistreated as a child and low his IQ is? It is very hard to know exactly how much punishment a person deserves.

Similarly, it is hard to know how much of a reward a person deserves.  Is it just that, in our society, teachers get paid much less than basketball players even though they contribute more to our society?  How do we define who deserves more and who deserves less? This is really a matter of personal perspective and there is no way to objectively determine the answer.

Thus, we can define justice as a state in which people get what they deserve, but we will have a very hard time defining it in any given circumstance because there is no objective way to determine who deserves what level of reward or punishment.

How did the Civil War affect its people?

The Civil War had a big impact on the American people. One impact is that it split families. There were families who had members fighting on both sides of the war. Some of these divided families faced the death of family members from the fighting on both sides of the war. This issue also divided families whose members saw the critical issues in different ways.

Many friendships also ended as a result of the Civil War. People who lived and worked in Washington, D.C. who were from the South had to leave the capital to return to their home states. This ended many social and political friendships. Additionally, individuals lost contact with friends in each region. It wasn’t safe to travel between the North and the South. Mail service was no longer reliable.

Many northern farms got raided by Confederate rebels during the war. These rebels came to the North in search of food. They would raid these farmers in order to get needed food supplies. Toward the end of the war, the South was totally destroyed by the Union armies. There was devastation throughout the South.

Two other impacts were the loss of life and the emotional toll the war took on people from both sides. Over 600,000 Americans died. It was difficult for Americans to accept that they would kill each other because they couldn’t agree on issues. From the founding of our country up to the Civil War, we were able to resolve our differences peacefully. It was an emotional blow to see Americans fighting Americans. The Civil War had a tremendous impact on our people.

Define osmosis. Is it the passage of water from a dilute solution to more concentrated one through a semipermeable membrane?

Yes. Osmosis is the movement of solution towards a more concentrated solution through a semipermeable membrane. In other words, osmosis is the diffusion of water or other solvent molecules.

Solutions are made of a solvent and a solute. The solvent is the substance that does the dissolving. The solute is the item(s) that is/are dissolved. Some resources refer to solutions of different concentrations as hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic. The term “tonic” refers to the solute concentration on either side of the semipermeable membrane. The hypertonic solution has a higher (“hyper”= a lot) solute concentration and lower solvent concentration. Likewise, the hypotonic solution has a low solute concentration and a high solvent concentration (“hypo” = low). In an isotonic solution, there are equal amounts of solute(s) on either side of the semipermeable membrane. Just as in diffusion, water moves from an area of greater concentration of water to an area of lesser concentration of water. Thus, water moves from hypotonic solutions towards hypertonic solutions. If the solutions are isotonic, then the net movement of water through the semipermeable membrane will be equal on either side.

What is the tension between outward and inward conformity in 1984?

The government in 1984 demands that no tension exists between inward and outward conformity. The state insists not only on outward obedience to its laws and dictates but that its citizens' minds also be entirely obedient to what the state says is Truth. This is why it is so important for O'Brien to be sure Winston is not simply saying two and two equals five, but actually believing it. In this world, thought crimes are far more dangerous than physical crimes. 

The central conflict of the novel arises from Winston's desire to think for himself. He practices outward obedience but inwardly rebels. When this rebellion finally overflows into outward rebellion--buying a journal, writing in it "Down with Big Brother," and having an affair with Julia--Winston has already committed the essential crime, the worst crime of all--thinking independently. That is what must be eradicated. But by eradicating independent thought, the state eradicates humanity.

What was Julia Stoner scheduled to do a fortnight after she died in "The Adventure of the Speckled Band"?

Julia Stoner was scheduled to get married a fortnight after she died.

Helen Stoner comes to hire Sherlock Holmes because her twin sister died and she is afraid that she is next.  She hears strange noises at night.  Helen and Julia live with their stepfather, Dr. Roylott.  He is a man with a violent disposition, often getting into disagreements with his neighbors.

My stepfather learned of the engagement when my sister returned and offered no objection to the marriage; but within a fortnight of the day which had been fixed for the wedding, the terrible event occurred which has deprived me of my only companion.

The reason that Dr. Roylott does not want Julia to get married is that he wants the twins’ inheritance.  Their mother left them her estate when she died, and Dr. Roylott wanted it all.  He was an unusual man with a lot of strange wild animals.  One of them turned out to be his murder weapon.

“It is a swamp adder!” cried Holmes; “the deadliest snake in India. He has died within ten seconds of being bitten. Violence does, in truth, recoil upon the violent, and the schemer falls into the pit which he digs for another. …”

The swamp adder is the speckled band in the title.  After Roylott sends it out on another murderous expedition, it returns to kill the doctor himself.  Holmes considers this an appropriate punishment because when a doctor goes bad, he has the potential to do a lot of damage.

Holmes knows what is going on from the moment Helen Stoner appears in his home.  It is an interesting enough case that he goes to Stoke Moran, especially after Dr. Roylott threatens him by bending a fireplace poker with his bare hands.  The man is a menace.  Helen and Julia never stood a chance.

What are the first two things Alexandra says when she comes to the Finch house in To Kill a Mockingbird? Are these typical of her or not?

Aunt Alexanra tells Calpurnia to put her bag in the house and tells Scout to stop scratching her head.

When Aunt Alexandra shows up at the Finch house unexpectedly, she does not greet the children or Calpurnia.  She immediately behaves as if she owns the place and starts ordering everyone around.

“Put my bag in the front bedroom, Calpurnia,” was the first thing Aunt Alexandra said. “Jean Louise, stop scratching your head,” was the second thing she said. (Ch. 13)

This behavior is typical of Alexandra.  She and Scout do not have a loving relationship.  Scout sees her as cold and bossy.  The incident at Christmas confirms this, because Scout found out that Alexandra said terrible things about Atticus defending Tom Robinson.  Scout was also highly annoyed by her cousin Frances, who was a chip of Alexandra’s block.

Atticus tells Scout that Aunt Alexandra does not understand girls much, because she had no daughters.  This means that she tends to want to interfere with Scout’s life and try to show her how to be a lady.

Aunt Alexandra was fanatical on the subject of my attire. I could not possibly hope to be a lady if I wore breeches; when I said I could do nothing in a dress, she said I wasn’t supposed to be doing things that required pants. (Ch. 9)

Scout is not thrilled to see Alexandra on her porch.  When she finds out her aunt is staying to support her brother during the trial, she is even less happy about it.  She knows the two of them will never get along.

The relationship between Scout and Alexandra is a rocky one.  Alexandra represents all of the old ways that Atticus has carefully avoided in raising his children. She believes the Finches are better than anyone else because of how long they have lived in Maycomb, while Atticus tried to teach his children to value people for who they were. Yet in her own way, Alexandra is just trying to help Scout by making sure that she is raised the right way.

What is Daniel Boone really famous for?

Daniel Boone was born on November 2 1734 in Pennsylvania. As a young boy, Boone supported his family by helping to work the land and raise cattle. In 1755, he became a soldier and fought in the French and Indian War. 

After marrying Rebecca Bryan in 1756, Boone spent the next few years exploring and developing the settlement of Kentucky. This was a dangerous place where Boone frequently encountered hostile native tribes. As a captain in the militia, Boone had a front-line role in protecting the settlements in Kentucky, notably Boonesboro, Logan's and Harrodsburg, and reporting any problems to the governor. He also served in the Virginia Assembly. 

Poor business decisions led Boone to lose his lands in Kentucky but, unperturbed, he headed with his family into Missouri where he roamed and farmed until his death in 1820. Shortly after, Boone's exploits were immortalised in the writings of John Filson and he is thus remembered as Kentucky's first and most famous frontierman. 

If the government doesn't protect the expressed rights in the Declaration of Independence, what should we do?

The Declaration of Independence is very clear about what people should do if their government doesn’t protect their rights. In the Declaration of Independence, it is stated that all people have certain rights that can’t be taken away. These unalienable rights include the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The Declaration of Independence goes on to state that it is the job of government to protect these rights that people have. When the government fails to protect these rights, the people have no choice but to remove that government and replace it with a government that will do its job and protect the people’s rights. Thus, when the British government stopped protecting our rights, we had no choice but to replace that government. The same would be true today. If our government didn’t protect our rights, we would need to replace it with a government that would protect our rights.

What are low frequency electromagnetic waves? How does this work? What uses low frequency electromagnetic waves? Where are they found?

The types of electromagnetic waves, from low to high frequency, are: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays and gamma rays. This is also the order from low energy to high energy and from long wavelength to short wavelength. 

Radio waves are the lowest frequency of the types of electromagnetic radiation. They're also the lowest in energy. Radio waves are sometimes called "RF" for radio frequency. They're used mainly for communication. Television, radio, radar and cell phone signals are all transported by radio waves. Communication with satellelites is also done via radio waves. This is how satellite TV and GPS information is sent. Various frequencies can be used for different forms of communication. Household devices such as television and garage door remote controls, wireless cameras, wireless routers and Bluetooth devices all use radio frequencies. 

Radio frequencies are particulary useful for these purposes because there's a wide range of frequencies available and because their low energies mean that they're safe around living things.  

The way radio frequency transmission works is that waves of a particular frequency are generated by an electromagnetic process. They travel at the speed of light, 3.0 x 10^8 meters per second, are received by antennas on tuners that tune in only certain wavelengths. They're converted to another type of signal, for example mechanical sound waves.

Radio waves are found all around us, but are only detected when captured with an antenna and converted to something meaningful. They range in length from about .001 meter to over 100,000 meters. In addition to artificially produced radio waves around us, there are naturally occuring radio waves that are produced by lightning and by events in space.

What did Martin Luther King Jr. say in his speech during the Million Man March?

You are definitely referring to Martin Luther King's speech in August of 1963 in Washington D.C. The event was called the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, and has since been shortened to the March on Washington and the famous "I Have a Dream Speech." King was a very emotional and eloquent speaker and his speech moved the nation to action.

King opens the speech by referencing the Emancipation Proclamation and how the promise of freedom in that document has not been met. He points out that the Constitution, Bill of Rights, and Declaration of Independence have been empty promises to African-Americans.  King utilizes symbolism when referencing these documents as promissory notes or checks. The government has defaulted on these promises and King urges the crowd that the promise of freedom must be answered without further delay.

Despite the urgency of his plea, King cautions against violence and anger in achieving these rights. He goes on to list certain grievances like police brutality, segregation, and the lack of voting rights or political voice that have hampered black America. King offers a tone of reconciliation with white America and reminds that crowd that many whites have participated in the civil rights struggles. King ends his speech with the famous "I Have a Dream" portion that everybody is now familiar with.

**The Million Man March was an event in Washington, D.C. that occurred in 1995 and again in 2015. A link that discusses those events is listed below.

How do social factors such as socioeconomic status and gender contribute in language variation?

Language variation occurs for many reasons. The most commonly known include:

• association- adopting a language style, dialect, jargon, or vocabulary to fit or be associated with a group that uses it the same way.


• dissociation- to detach ourselves from a group that uses such language variation. 


• personal identity- to define our social personas through the use of specific language 


• registers- the levels of formality needed to modulate language according to the group with which we are trying to communicate. 

Essentially, and according to the "five C's" of language standards in the U.S. Department of Education, language usage is for:

• communication


• (making) connections


• (strengthening) culture


• (building a sense of) community


• contrasting and comparing cultural traits 

(World Language Standards from the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL))

This being established, factors such as socioeconomic status and gender can impact the way in which an individual chooses to use the language registers and choices because language is the strongest and most common unifier, mainly used to convey communication, connect  and interact with other members of that same social status, or gender.

SES

In the case of socioeconomic status (SES), for example, the American Association of Pediatrics released an article, as far back as the year 2000, which exposed a continuous argument on what exactly SES entails and what people expect from it. 

For now, it is universally understood that SES is a combination of financial acumen, education, occupation, and social ranking when compared to others. As such, SES can be high, medium, or low, depending on the situation. It is common for members of a similar social group to network and connect. In Albert Bandura's theory this is part of the human need for social learning (Bandura, 1960). 

Considering that the acts of learning behaviors and strengthening them are tantamount to creating personality and building relationships, we can conclude that language is the common binder that will solidify the bonds within a group. Using language is a way to create identity and establish uniqueness. When a group chooses to establish a tone and vocabulary to be known an identified separately from other groups, language is what will set them apart.

GENDER

Language usage according to gender identity serves the same purpose as language variation used for SES. 

The meaning of gender is divided into two categories:

Biological gender is the determination of the sex of an individual based on genitalia, chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive parts.

Gender identity is the external presentation that an individual chooses to use to portray his or her gender-according to their internal sense of “self”. Hence, someone can be born male or female and not feel identified with their original biological gender.

Since gender is both biological as well as psychological, language (which is also developed both biologically and psychologically) goes hand in hand with the dynamics that occur during gender-based social interaction.  

Male and females (whether biological or “self-identified”) have extremely different life experiences. Bonding with individuals who understand these differences makes life experiences less shocking and more tolerable. Language is a huge variable in gender because males and females view, perceive, analyze and judge things very differently. Therefore, the use of descriptors, identifiers, and even the way in which things are categorized will denote a vast language variation between the two genders.

Conclusively, language variation in SES and gender serves the same purpose: to strengthen the sense of uniqueness and individuality that the members of specific groups aim to attain to feel as a part of something bigger.

When people join groups, they often connect with people who share similar life experiences, values, likes, or needs. This is a natural part of human behavior. Whether it is socially, or to have the emotional support of another male or female, language will always be the biggest unifier of everything.

Predict reasons that a citizen would apply for release in The Giver.

Release was actually very rare, and citizens almost never apply for release.

Release means death by lethal injection.  There are three times when the community releases someone.

There were only two occasions of release which were not punishment. Release of the elderly, which was a time of celebration for a life well and fully lived; and release of a newchild, which always brought a sense of what-could-we- have-done. (Ch. 1)

The most common form of release is release of the elderly, which happens to everyone eventually when the community determines it is the right time.  Release for punishment is rare.  A person has to really mess up, either repeatedly or in a major way.  Release of newchildren seems to be semi-rare, because it happens twice in the book (Jonas views a release, and Gabriel’s release is planned).  Applying for release would be suicide.

In Jonas’s community, suicide is not common.  People lead a perfect life where all decisions are made for them and they have no reason to be unhappy.  Since no one in the community feels any real emotions, there is no reason to need release from them.

It is apparently possible to apply for release.  Since no one in the community has any concept of death, they do not really understand what release is.  It is possible that someone might apply for release out of curiosity.  It would take a very special person to be that curious about Elsewhere, since no one in the community seems especially inquisitive.

Illness seems to be very rare in the community.  In our society, people often commit suicide due to mental or physical anguish.  They kill themselves because they simply can’t take the pain anymore.  This is unlikely to happen in Jonas’s community.  Anyone who is hurt immediately takes relief of pain medication, and all diseases seem to have been eradicated.

There is one example of suicide.  The exception to the lack of emotions rule is the Receiver of Memory.  This person holds all of the community’s emotions, and thus all of its pain.  If a person is not properly trained to handle the pain, then a suicide results.  This is what occurs with Jonas’s predecessor, Rosemary.

The Giver explains to Jonas that he waited as long as he could to give Rosemary memories of pain.  When he did, she was not able to handle it.

The Giver continued. "I backed off, gave her more little delights. But everything changed, once she knew about pain. I could see it in her eyes." (Ch. 18)

Rosemary applies for release because she does not want to live in her society anymore.  Jonas has the same reaction when he learns that release means killing. 

Jonas’s rules prohibit applying for release.  He is not in the mood to kill himself anyway.  Jonas takes another way out by escaping to Elsewhere.  Depending on your interpretation of the ambiguous ending, he either dies with Gabriel or frees both of them.  Either way, the memories are returned to the people and the perfect world bubble bursts for the community.

Is there a literary relationship between Mark, Matt, and Luke?

Matthew, Mark and Luke share enough similarities in content and chronology to have been grouped together as the "synoptic" gospels. "Synoptic" means seeing with the same eye:  this means that they all tell roughly the same story of Jesus's life and death. Because of striking stylistic similarities, many have argued that Matthew and Luke derive from the same written document, called "Q." However, "Q" has never been found and may not exist. In contrast, the gospel of John omits stories that appear in the other gospels, such as Jesus' Sermon on the Mount and his reciting of the Lord's Prayer.

While the three synpotic gospels share many similiarities, such as reporting that Jesus ate with tax collectors, each gospel also has unique stories. For example, Mark lacks the story of Jesus' birth, while the wise men or Magi coming to visit the baby Jesus only appears in Matthew, and only Luke tells of  the angel announcing Jesus' birth to simple shepherds.  

Is it true that all alkalis are bases, but not vice versa?

According to this statement all the alkalies are bases, but all the bases are not alkalies. This is true.

A base is defined as a chemical that neutralizes acids. In such a neutralization reaction, a base reacts with an acid to form salt and water. The generic chemical reaction for this neutralization is:

base + acid -> salt + water

Alkalies are also included in this definition.

On the other hand, an alkali is defined as a water soluble base. Another definition is that an alkali is a chemical that dissolves in water to form a solution that will have a pH of more than 7. Thus, alkalies are all bases, while all bases may not be alkalies. 

An example is copper oxide, which is insoluble in water and hence is not an alkali. However, this is a base.

Hope this helps. 

Does the view presented in this story fit with your idea of a future world?

This kind of question is ultimately up to you.  There isn't a right or wrong answer, because it is asking about your thoughts on the future outlook of Bradbury's "There Will Come Soft Rains." The part that you absolutely have to do is defend your opinion.  I will give you my personal thoughts on it and why I have my opinion on the story.  

My answer is two parts.  First, no, the story doesn't fit with my view of a future world.  The part that I disagree with is the nuclear holocaust that has happened to the city.  I am acutely aware of the existence of nuclear weapons and their potential for massive amounts of destruction.  I just do not believe that nuclear weaponry will be used like that again.  The reason I believe that is because of the number of countries that have nuclear weapons.  During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and the United States kept threatening and posturing with nuclear weaponry, but both countries knew that they were ensuring their own destruction with the use of those weapons against the other country.  It was called "mutually assured destruction."  I believe those thoughts still exist.  

On the other hand, yes, I believe that the outlook on the future is an accurate one when the reader looks at the technology in the house.  The story narrates about little robot mice and vacuum cleaners that rush around cleaning the house. I have that in my house.  In fact, I have two robot floor cleaners.  One that does carpets and one that does water on hard floors.  They are both GPS controlled even.  The story mentions that the house asks the occupants questions and waits for responses.  Modern day smart homes are voice controlled.  A person can adjust all kinds of things by speaking it.  Amazon has their "Echo" which is basically a voice control for the entire internet.  The thing is amazing.  The story also mentions that images are projected onto walls.  Again that technology currently exists.  I don't think the house in the story is that far out into the future, because things that Bradbury predicted within the house are already available in various formats.  It won't be long before that kind of house is a standard house for the general population.  

How does Steinbeck present hierarchy in society in Of Mice and Men?

This is a great question. 

First, as the previous answer says, white men are at the top of the social ladder.  That said, there is a hierarchy here as well.  At the top is the boss.  He is a landowner and pretty much owns everything that the men have.  That he is at the top is also confirmed in the fact that Curley is begrudgingly given respect, simply because he is the son of the owner. 

From here, Slim comes second.  His standing does not come from his possessions or wealth but from his abilities and character.  All the men respect him.  Here is what the text says:

There was a gravity in his manner and a quiet so profound that all talk stopped when he spoke. His authority was so great that his word was taken on any subject, be it politics or love.

After this, the other white workers come next - Carlson and Candy.  Lennie and George also fit in here, even if they are put lower because they are new. Below them comes Crooks.  He is the lone black man on the ranch, and he lives a solitary life. At times the men pick on him, such as when they made him fight another man for their amusement.  

Why did the doctor refuse to treat Coyotito in The Pearl?

The doctor in The Pearl is a very greedy man.  He was also a man filled with prejudice.  When Coyotito is stung by the scorpion, Kino is desperate to get help.  However, he does not like or trust the doctor.

“He could kill the doctor more easily than he could talk to him, for the doctor’s entire race spoke to Kino’s entire race as though they were simple animals.” (Page 9)

When the doctor’s servant announces that Kino is there with the child, the doctor confirms this belief when he says,

“Have I nothing better to do than cure insect bites for ‘little Indians’?  I am a doctor, not a veterinary.” (Page 11)

Then the doctor asks if Kino has any money.  He knows that Kino doesn’t and he laments the fact that

“I, I alone in the world am supposed to work for nothing ---- and I am tired of it.  See if he has any money.” (Page 11)

Kino tried to pay for the medical services with eight misshapen seed pearls.  They were gray and ugly and not worth anything, but they were all he had.  He gave these to the servant, who presented them to the doctor.  The doctor, knowing the pearls were valueless, refused to see Coyotito.  He sent the servant to tell Kino that he had been called out to a serious case. 

Later, when the doctor hears that Kino has found the great pearl, and the pearl is worth a great deal of money, he shows up at Kino’s home.  He knows that he can get money from Kino, and convinces him that there may be something else wrong with the child.  He actually gives the baby something to make him sick, trying to get money from Kino. But Juana has already dealt with the scorpion sting and the baby is fine.

In "The Leap," how does the narrator feel about the sister she never had?

In "The Leap," the narrator has conflicting feelings about her sister. On the one hand, the narrator feels no connection towards her: she refers to her as "the child," for example, and does not seem to share a familial bond with her: "She was a girl, but I rarely thought of her as a sister or even as a separate person really."

The narrator's sister was stillborn and never experienced life outside of the womb. The narrator, therefore, has no memories of her nor any other reminders of her existence, like photographs, except for her nearby grave. In the narrator's mind, she (the narrator) is her mother's only child. She explains that this may be the result of childish "egocentrism," an ability to disassociate herself from the rest of the world and the people in it.

That the narrator often visits the grave, however, suggests she may have some feelings towards her dead sister, or at least a sense of curiosity.

Give two examples of satire in the story "The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg."

In his story "The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg," Mark Twain uses satire to convey a powerful message. One example of satire is the way he pokes fun at a town that is alleged to be incorruptible. The town of Hadleyburg is proud that it is so honest, even to the point of bragging about it. Twain reveals, through the trick of the stranger, that no town is completely incorruptible, and in fact, this town makes a fool of itself when it shows its level of corruption at the possibility of a bag of gold.

The other way Twain uses satire is to reveal the level on which people fall prey to temptation. Though the people of Hadleyburg claim that they would never be so weak as to be tempted, they quickly are when something is put in front of them. Twain shows the people to be ridiculous and immoral as they are tempted by the money, especially when he reveals in the end that the coins are gilded.

In Night by Elie Wiesel, how does Elizer’s interaction with the French girl strengthen or diminish his faith?

In Night by Elie Wiesel, after arriving at Buna, Elie and his father were sent to a warehouse to work. Their kapo, Idek, wass known for having frenetical fits, and nobody was safe when he was in the midst of one. For no reason anyone could discern, one day while Elie was working, Idek chose him and unleashed his fury, beating Elie until he could hardly move. A French girl, who worked at the warehouse as well, comforted Elie. He thought she was Jewish, but she wasn't a prisoner. He found out years later that she was indeed Jewish, but had passed for Aryan.  

This encounter increased Elie's faith in humanity. This girl risked her life to speak to him in German--to give him a few words of comfort. If the wrong person had heard, she would have been reported and sent to a concentration camp. Elie realized what she was risking for him, and that is what renewed his faith and helped him to keep going. The French girl said to him,

"Bite your lip, little brother....Don't cry. Keep your anger and hatred for another day, for later on. The day will come, but not now....Wait. Grit your teeth and wait..." (Wiesel 51).

Elie never forgot those words.

Based on Octavius's opening speech, what strategy had Antony predicted of Brutus and Cassius in Julius Caesar?

Octavius says that Antony predicted that the enemy would stay in the hills, but they didn’t.

After Brutus and Cassius assassinated Caesar, Antony forced them to leave town by stirring the people into an angry mob during his eulogy.  Antony and Octavius formed a triumvirate with Lepidus to rule Rome, but Brutus and Cassius were not satisfied.  They formed their own armies and came against the triumvirs.  Antony predicted that Brutus and Cassius would not come to Philippi.  As Octavius points out, he was wrong.

Now, Antony, our hopes are answered:
You said the enemy would not come down,
But keep the hills and upper regions;
It proves not so: their battles are at hand;
They mean to warn us at Philippi here,
Answering before we do demand of them. (Act 5, Scene 1)

Antony had a reason for believing they would not come.  Philippi was a strategic disaster for Brutus and Cassius.  They did not have the battle advantage.  Cassius did not approve of the plan, but as usual Brutus overruled him.  This was decidedly a bad idea because Cassius had much less experience than Brutus.

Like Brutus and Cassius, Antony and Octavius disagree.  Antony feels that he knows better because he is older than Octavius and has more military experience.  When Octavius points out that Brutus and Cassius are meeting them in battle, he says that they are just posturing.

Tut, I am in their bosoms, and I know
Wherefore they do it: they could be content
To visit other places; and come down
With fearful bravery, thinking by this face
To fasten in our thoughts that they have courage;
But 'tis not so. (Act 5, Scene 1)

Antony does not feel that Brutus and Cassius are actually brave.  He thinks that they are just showing off to convince Antony and Octavius that they know what they are doing and are confident in winning the battle.  In fact, they are in real trouble.

The four men are about to meet in parley, which is a battlefield conversation.  Antony and Octavius should present a united front, but that is not easy for them to do.  Their alliance is one of necessity, not friendship.  Both are ambitious and arrogant, and each one is ready to get rid of the other at the first convenience.

Describe the Ghost of Christmas Present. Explain what it shows Scrooge, what it teaches Scrooge, and what Scrooge learns from it.

The Ghost of Christmas Present appears to Scrooge in Dickens' novel as a "jolly giant." The robed Ghost carries a cornucopia-like torch, and he can be seen around a large feast, which reinforces the "jolly giant" theme. The animated Disney film adaptation, "Mickey's Christmas Carol" actually does a good job of depicting the Ghost of Christmas Present and his massive feast in a way that remains pretty true to the Dickens' story, at least in part.

The Ghost of Christmas Present escorts Scrooge around the city, showing him Christmas warmth, cheer and festive gatherings as well as the misery and deprivation that exist in stark contrast to the holiday merriment. The Ghost shows Scrooge the home of Scrooge's impoverished clerk, Bob Cratchit, father of Tiny Tim, the oft-cited crutches-using character from the novel.

Responding to Scrooge's question about Tiny Tim upon seeing the young boy's crutch, the Ghost tells Ebenezer that Tim will die if, in effect, the future doesn't differ radically from the present. Here, and shortly after when the Ghost shows Scrooge two starving children, the giant apparition throws some of Scrooge's more callous words uttered earlier in the novel back at him in these different contexts. This highlights in a wry way for the wealthy miser how indifferent to human suffering his remarks and actions regarding the mass of poverty-stricken and working poor people had been, teaching him about the heartlessness and consequences of his miserly disposition. 

What are 10 reasons prostitution should be illegal?

It's also important to consider the other side.

1. Freedom of choice. A woman should be able to choose what she does with her body.

2. It lessens the likelihood that people will kidnap women and force them into prostitution.

3. Taxes. If it were legalized, the government could tax prostitution and use that money for schools or other useful enterprises.

4. It is a victimless crime. Nobody is harmed, so long as safe sex takes place so that no diseases are transferred.

5. Morality. Why should it be immoral to pay for/sell something that can be had at no cost?

6. Employment. More people could find jobs if it were legitimate work.

7. Lessens violence. In any illegal enterprise, there is a greater chance for violence. If prostitution were legal, it would be safer for those involved.

8. It would help the economy.

9. Health. If it were legal, and laws demanded certain things such as condoms, it could prevent many health issues such as HIV and other STDs.

How do Holden and Phoebe reverse roles at the end of the novel?

Throughout the novel, Holden expresses his desire to run away from everything.  He can't stand all of the phonies that are around him.  He can't figure out a way to interact in a positive way with just about anybody.  He can't stand the two teachers that he interacts with.  He's simply fed up with everything.  He tries to convince Sally to run away with him, but she flatly refuses.  As a last ditch cry for attention, Holden writes Phoebe a letter that explains his plans to leave and run away.  

Amazingly, Phoebe meets Holden at the museum with a suitcase of her own.  She plans to run away with Holden.  

She put the suitcase down. "My clothes," she said. "I'm going with you. Can I? Okay?"

That causes Holden to get upset, and then he refuses to run away.  That's the role reversal.  Holden wants to now stay while Phoebe wants to go.  Holden becomes the voice of reason and Phoebe is the person acting emotionally and impulsively.  

"Did you mean it what you said? You really aren't going away anywhere? Are you really going home afterwards?" she asked me.

"Yeah," I said. I meant it, too. I wasn't lying to her. I really did go home afterwards.

In Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self-Reliance," what does he mean by the passage, "[We are] guides, redeemers and benefactors, obeying the...

In this passage, Emerson is using language with religious connotations to make the point that everyday people aren't meant to be followers or passive bystanders on the sidelines. Everyone should take up the roles we usually reserve for a few, special leaders — the roles of

• guides (showing others the way),


• redeemers (helping themselves and others break free from sins and oppressive moral constraints), and


• benefactors (doing deeds that benefit the world).

By taking these active roles, people are doing God's work ("obeying the Almighty effort") and making spiritual progress ("advancing on Chaos and the Dark").

By itself, that may not sound like a very unusual message, especially to the modern reader. It's common nowadays to hear that everyone should be an activist and try to improve the world. But if you look what precedes this statement, you can see that Emerson is talking about something more radical.

He is telling the reader, in effect, "Don't take direction from anyone else, not even people who are regarded as intellectual or spiritual authorities." If men like Moses, Plato, and Milton are great, it's because they were true to their own beliefs and spoke their minds. We should be doing the same.

The temptation is that we will be intimidated by authority, tradition, or public opinion. We'll decide that our personal intuitions aren't trustworthy, and therefore we'll defer to the judgment of others — act as if we are "minors and invalids in a protected corner."  But that's the opposite of the lesson we should take from the likes of Moses, Plato, and Milton. Instead of ceding our own judgment to great men, we should learn from their example and trust in our own instincts:

"They teach us to abide by our spontaneous impression with good-humored inflexibility then most when the whole cry of voices is on the other side."

How would you compare and contrast "Rain" by Edward Thomas and "Dulce Et Decorum Est" by Wilfred Owen?

Upon first glance, “Rain” by Edward Thomas and Wilfred Owen’s “Dulce Et Decorum Est” seem like remarkably disparate poems. Thomas’ piece initially reads like an almost prayerful meditation on the awe-inspiring pervasiveness of Nature, whereas Owen’s classic World War I poem is a vivid description of the atrocities of war and a scathing critique of jingoistic songwriters and poets. Additionally, Owen utilizes a formal ABAB rhyme scheme while Thomas eschews this convention.

Despite these obvious differences, however, upon closer examination, the two pieces share some common threads. Indeed, both texts evoke a sense of hopelessness and address the powerlessness of their respective speakers in the face of death. More specifically, the poets discuss the tremendous suffering that occurred during World War I. Thomas writes about the war through metaphors and a remarkable sense of restraint. The introspective speaker of “Rain” ponders his own mortality and hopes for his colleagues to remain safe:

“But here I pray that none whom once I loved / Is dying tonight or lying still awake /Solitary, listening to the rain” (49).

These lines emphasize the speaker’s close relationship with his brothers in arms. Later in the poem, Thomas provides a potent metaphor for the young men devastated by WWI, calling them “Myriads of broken reeds all still and stiff” (49). His choice of “myriads” foregrounds the enormous number of men affected by the violence of the war.

Owen’s treatment of the violence of war is more abrasive, but just as powerful, as Thomas’ subtle imagery. “Dulce Et Decorum Est” shares a melancholic atmosphere with “Rain.” Much like “Rain,” Owen’s poem emphasizes hopelessness in the midst of death. In the most devastating scene in the piece, a soldier is powerless to stop the violent death of his young colleague who suffocates in a poison gas attack:

“Gas! GAS! Quick, boys!— An ecstasy of fumbling,

Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;

But someone still was yelling out and stumbling,

And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime...

Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light,

As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.

In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,

He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning." (99-100).

Owen is more direct than Thomas in illustrating the effects of war, but both poems powerfully give readers a glimpse into the horrors of war. While the poets’ approaches differ, both poems examine mortality and a begrudging acceptance of the inevitability of death in the face of the Great War.

I pulled my textual evidence from The Bloodaxe Book of 20th Century Poetry.

Why is the forest the chosen setting for Goodman Brown's journey?

The author Nathaniel Hawthorne probably chose the forest for its visual effect and its aura of as-yet untamed wildness. The forest is the opposite of civilization. It is very old and full of wild creatures, including, perhaps, wild Indians. It is a place where people would naturally go to become wild creatures themselves. It is a place where they can hide from their town neighbors and do anything they want. They can make as much noise as they want without being heard by anyone of importance.

Many contemporary people like to go to the national parks in order to get away from civilization for a while and live more primitive-type lives close to nature. There is something very exhilarating about being among the fragrant pine needles and tall trunks. We can all respond to Hawthorne's description of the mysterious forest, although we do not necessarily want to indulge in devil-worshiping orgies. Most of us would like to escape from civilization for a while and enjoy simpler lives.

We can understand why both Young Goodman Brown and his sweet little wife, whose name is Faith, might get tired of being so righteous and inhibited all the time and might feel an impulse to go a little bit wild on occasion. The same would be true of their neighbors, one of whom is named Goody Cloyse. They are all living under a spotlight, so to speak. They have to be prim and proper all the time. They all have their secrets, as is revealed in the ceremony in the forest.

This night it shall be granted you to know their secret deeds: how hoary-bearded elders of the church have whispered wanton words to the young maids of their households; how many a woman, eager for widows' weeds, has given her husband a drink at bedtime and let him sleep his last sleep in her bosom; how beardless youths have made haste to inherit their fathers' wealth; and how fair damsels—blush not, sweet ones—have dug little graves in the garden, and bidden me, the sole guest to an infant's funeral.

By digging "little graves in the garden," the speaker, who is presumably the devil himself, means that some unwed girls secretly gave birth to babies and killed them at birth and buried them in unmarked graves in their gardens. 

Young Goodman Brown and his wife and all their neighbors live in a very small, constricted world. The forest is the only place where they can congregate for any sinful purposes. In Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter, it is in the forest that the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale has his secret meetings with Hester Prynne, the mother of his child. And no doubt it was in the forest where they conceived the little girl named Pearl. The early American settlers were surrounded by forests, and they may have felt the trees beckoning to them mysteriously. 

Robert Frost speaks of the mysterious attraction of dark, whispering trees in his poem "Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening." 

The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.

Give a brief note on Mr. Whymper from Animal Farm Chapter 6.

Mr. Whymper is the go-between for the animals.  His job is to communicate and trade with people so the animals do not have to.

The vision of Animal Farm is a place where animals have no contact.  Anything that walks on two legs is an enemy.  Anything that walks on four legs, or has wings, is a friend.  However, the reality is that the animals often want things they can’t produce on the farm, and want to sell their surplus.

There would be no need for any of the animals to come in contact with human beings, which would clearly be most undesirable. He intended to take the whole burden upon his own shoulders. A Mr. Whymper, a solicitor living in Willingdon, had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside world (Ch. 6)

There are a few things wrong with this.  First of all, the pigs are really taking advantage of the other animals. They use their labor, and then do not give them much in return.  The goods and services the pigs want from people are generally luxuries.  Napoleon wants alcohol, for example.

Not a pig appeared to be stirring. It was nearly nine o'clock when Squealer made his appearance, walking slowly and dejectedly, his eyes dull, his tail hanging limply behind him, and with every appearance of being seriously ill. (Ch. 8)

Squealer says that Napoleon is dying, but he is actually drunk!  The pigs get more and more focused on themselves and not the animals they are supposed to be protecting.  They even sell Boxer to the butcher when he hurts himself and can’t work.  By the end of the book, the pigs are playing cards with the people and regularly fraternizing with them.

Mr. Whymper represents that countries that remained neutral and helped the communists trade with and communicate with capitalist countries.  As with the animals, the communists could not completely keep to themselves, and eventually became corrupt.

What is the narrative structure of "Porphyria's Lover"?

"Porphyria's Lover" is written in dramatic monologue, a format Robert Browning popularized and in which he excelled. Unlike some of Browning's monologues that don't have an actual plot but are musings of a character, this poem has a story arc. In the beginning, the setting is described: It is a dark and stormy night. The inciting incident is when Porphyria glides in. She removes her wet clothing, lets down her wet hair, builds up the fire, and then sits down next to him. She sensually bares her shoulder, puts the narrator's arm around her waist, and pulls his cheek down to rest on her. She whispers she loves him. Evidently the narrator has been thinking jealous thoughts about her--presuming she had been unfaithful to him. We do not know if these doubts he has about her are true or whether they are the imaginings of his twisted mind. Instead of being content in the love she is showing him now, his heart swells with pride at the fact that she worships him. He debates what to do. In the climax of the story, he finds "a thing to do": He winds her hair around her neck and strangles her. In the denouement, he unties the hair and kisses the lips of the corpse. He then sits with the corpse, with her head on his shoulder like his had been on hers. They sit that way together until morning as he imagines she is happy that now she has him to herself forever. The final words, "And yet God has not said a word," suggest the theme: That the narrator is a psychopath who cannot hear his own conscience despite the atrocious act of murder he has just committed. 

What are atoms made of?

All atoms contain a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons. According to the planetary model of atom, the electrons orbit around the nucleus, similar to the planets orbiting around the star. The distance between the electrons and the nucleus is much (about 10,000 times) larger than the size of the nucleus itself. Such model of an atom is not actually correct (because, according to classical electromagnetism, an electron moving in circle would emit electromagnetic waves, lose energy, and ultimately fall into the nucleus), but it is useful in explaining some phenomena. The theory of quantum mechanics provides a very accurate description of the distribution of the electrons inside the atom.

The nucleus consists of positively charged protons and neutral (not carrying electric charge) particles called neutrons. The electric charge of a proton is equal in magnitude to the electric charge of an electron. The neutrons and protons are similar in mass and much (about 1000 times) heavier than electrons. Not all atoms have neutrons in their nuclei, for example, a nucleus of a Hydrogen atom has just one proton. The number of electrons in an atom always equal the number of protons in the nucleus, so the whole atom is electrically neutral.

Each proton and neutron consists of particles called quarks. There are different types of quarks, and they carry electric charge, either positive or negative, that is 1/3 or 2/3 of the charge of an electron. So far it is not known if the quarks could be further broken down into smaller elementary particles.

What are the differences and similarities between Ali's adoption and Sohrab's adoption in Khaled Hosseini's The Kite Runner?

There are several similarities and differences between Ali and Sohrab's adoptions throughout the novel The Kite Runner. Both Ali and Sohrab's parents were killed, making both characters orphans at a young age. Ali's parents died when two wealthy young men hit them while driving. 

High on hashish and mast on French wine, they struck and killed a Hazara husband and wife on the road to Paghman (Hosseini 22).

Sohrab's parents were both killed by the Taliban. Rahim Khan tells Amir,

Hassan protested again. So they took him to the street—and order him to kneel—and shot him in the back of the head...Farzana came screaming and attacked them—shot her too. Self-defense they claimed later (Hosseini 157).

Both Ali and Sohrab were Hazaras who were adopted by Pashtuns. Once they were adopted, Ali lived in Afghanistan with Amir's grandfather, while Sohrab was taken to live in America with Amir. Also, the men who adopted Ali and Sohrab were both considered successful individuals. Ali was adopted by Amir's grandfather who was a respected judge, and Amir is regarded as a prominent author in America.

The relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are complementary processes. The products of each of these processes is used as the reactants for the other. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants utilize solar energy and generate glucose and oxygen. The relevant chemical equation is

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Carbon dioxide and water are the reactants  in this process. In comparison, cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water, along with the production of ATP molecules. The relevant chemical reaction is given as:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

As can be seen from these chemical reactions, the products of photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration and vice versa. Hence, these are complementary processes and are necessary for sustaining each other.

Hope this helps.

How does Tuck seem to feel about his changelessness for the last 87 years? Support the answer with textual evidence.

Tuck does not like his changelessness.  Perhaps he did at one point, but after 87 years, Tuck has realized that he missed the normal ebb and flow of a changing life.  He misses the maturing process.  He misses seeing his kids change.  He misses seeing himself change.  He feels left out that the world gets to change around him, but he doesn't get to change with it. He feels completely out of place and out of sync with the world.  

The frogs is part of it, and the bugs, and the fish, and the wood thrush, too. And people. But never the same ones. Always coming in new, always growing and changing, and always moving on. That's the way it's supposed to be. That's the way it is."

Tuck goes on to further explain why he feels that life has left him out.  

"It goes on," Tuck repeated, "to the ocean. But this rowboat now, it's stuck. If we didn't move it out ourself, it would stay here forever, trying to get loose, but stuck. That's what us Tucks are, Winnie. Stuck so's we can't move on. We ain't part of the wheel no more. Dropped off, Winnie. Left behind. And everywhere around us, things is moving and growing and changing.

Tuck sees all of life changing, except him and his family.  He desperately wants to be a part of that changing world again.  

Tuck's most powerful statement in the entire chapter is when he explains to Winnie that he wishes he could go back to how he was before, so that he would be able to die.  That sounds odd, but his explanation is near perfect.  He says that living is impossible if there is no threat of death.  He says that in order to truly live, a person has to be able to die.  Tuck doesn't feel as if he is living.  He feels that he and his family simply exist. . . like non-living rocks on the side of the road. 

"You can't have living without dying. So you can't call it living, what we got. We just are, we just be, like rocks beside the road."

I need a summary of The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals by Michael Pollan.

The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals by Michael Pollan is a work of popular nonfiction that deals with both the medical and ethical issues of food choices currently made in the United States. In particular, Pollan attacks much of the food industry for not only degrading the environment but for contributing to obesity and related medical conditions.

The book is divided into three main sections, each of which explores the origins of a common type of North American meal. The first section focuses on conventional industrial food production and the role of large scale corn farming on much of fast food. It helps readers understand the process by which meals are produced in the food industry.

The next section focuses on organic farming, examining both large scale organic farms and small family farms. The author suggests that although industrial scale organic farming is superior to conventional farming in terms of its effects on the environment and the quality of the food produced, it still involves large scale monocultures, and is less desirable than farms that raise diverse plants and/or animals on a smaller scale.

Finally, Pollan examines hunting and gathering as a way to create a meal. While this section is entertaining, it not a method feasible for most people, as Pollan acknowledges.

If one Tums tablet contains 550. mg of this ingredient and a person takes two tablets a day, how many calcium ions does this person obtain from...

The active ingredient in Tums is calcium carbonate. If a person takes two 550 mg tablets in one day, they have taken 550*2 = 1100 mg of the active ingredient. 

The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is CaCO3. When calcium carbonate ionizes, each molecule separates into one calcium ion and one carbonate ion. So we need to determine how many molecules of calcium carbonate are present in 1100 mg.

To do so, we need to look up the molar mass of calcium carbonate, which is listed as 100.0869 g/mol. One mole contains 6.022 X 10^23 molecules.

First we convert from milligrams to mols, and then from moles to number of molecules, as follows:

1100 mg = 1.1 g

`1.1/100.0869=0.01099 mol`

`0.01099*6.02*10^23= 6.616*10^21`  molecules

Thus, the person will obtain 6.616 X 10^21 calcium ions from the tablets, since one calcium ion is present for every molecule.

"Gentrification is a double-edged sword." It is often productive revitalizing city neighborhoods, but it can impose great costs on certain...

Yes, gentrification is a double-edged sword. When middle- or upper-class families purchase real estate in lower-class neighborhoods and replace existing dilapidated structures with renovated or brand new ones, it does raise the cost of living in those neighborhoods beyond what lower-income families can afford. Those lower-income families, consequently, are forced to move to the very kinds of neighborhoods out of which they were just forced by the circumstances of gentrification, which are beyond their control. That is an unfortunate byproduct of gentrification.

The positive aspects of gentrification can be argued to outweigh the negative consequences. Having lived in Washington, D.C., for many years, I witnessed such processes turn dilapidated neighborhoods into revitalized communities, which benefits the city as a whole because it raises, considerably, the tax base that, in turn, can be used to improve living conditions for those who feel compelled to flee to less-expensive and often more crime-ridden neighborhoods. When communities are "gentrified," new businesses open up, such as restaurants, bars, boutique shops, and so on, to cater to this more affluent clientele, which provides jobs for lower-income individuals. Neighborhoods once avoided by middle- and upper-class families because of the fears of crime and the depressing nature of slums become desired destinations for young upwardly-mobile families.

Gentrification's victims, such as the ethnic-oriented cultures that existed in these neighborhoods, are, indeed, replaced by other, sometimes more culturally-diverse inhabitants. It is often socioeconomic class rather than ethnicity that determines the demographic transformations that occur in communities where gentrification occurs. Interestingly, in Washington, D.C., gentrification was often initiated by the gay and lesbian communities, who took it upon themselves to buy dilapidated, often abandoned housing developments and turn them into refurbished, vibrant neighborhoods.

It is not only gentrification that affects neighborhoods, either. Often, the development of a new venue for local professional sports franchises--in effect, construction of new stadiums and arenas--has as much effect on lower-income families as does gentrification. The most affordable and desirable real estate, from a geographical perspective, is often in the worst neighborhoods. Real estate values in such neighborhoods are, unsurprisingly, relatively low, and such neighborhoods are located in inner-city areas where city officials desperately hope to entice new businesses. Once older, lower-income housing developments are torn down to make way for the new sports arena, multitudes of small businesses sprout up to profit off of the waves of humanity expected to frequent the stadiums and arenas. New, expensive housing developments are similarly constructed nearby that are, by design, beyond the financial reach of all but the wealthy and upper-midde-class.

In short, displacement of lower-income families by the process of gentrification can be--but not always is--deleterious to the interests of those families. The benefits to the city as a whole, however, almost always outweigh the negatives.

How are electromagnetics used in recycling plants?

The goal of recycling plant is to find useful products from the materials discarded by the society and to recycle them, so that they can be reused, either directly or indirectly (after some processing). One of the easiest ways to achieve this goal is by separating the waste into various categories, according to their properties. Then, the segregated waste can be processed accordingly. 

Electromagnetics are commonly used for separating magnetic waste materials (such as iron-based waste) from the combined waste. Electromagets are used for this purpose. The underlying idea is that magnetic field exists when there is an electric current through the magnet and disappears when the current is turned off. The magnet is brought in contact or close proximity of combined waste, and the electricity is turned on. All the magnetic material would be attached to the electromagnet. This electromagnet would then be directed away from the combined waste and the electricity will be turned off. As soon as the electricity is turned off, the electromagnet will cease to have magnetic properties and all the magnetic waste (attached to the magnet) will fall down and collected separately. This magnetic waste can then be processed accordingly.

Hope this helps. 

In what ways do spoken language and written language differ?

Of course it depends of the person, but generally spoken language is much less formal than written language. People have higher standards for grammar, usage, etc when they are reading than when they are listening. Additionally, slang is far more accepted in spoken language than in written language. To get more technical about the subject, in English there are primarily two types of words: words that are romantic in origin and words that are Germanic in origin. Romantic words, which come from Latin, are much more common in written English than they are in spoken English. This is because usually we associate both Latin words and written language with a more formal or academic environment. Germanic words are more common in spoken language. We usually think of these words as being more informal.

How did Rikki get his name in "Rikki-tikki-tavi? What literary term is this?

Rikki got his name from the sound he makes, an example of onomatopoeia.

Onomatopoeia is a sound device where a word is used that makes a sound.  The words are usually spelled to represent the sound.  In this case, the sound is the war cry of the mongoose.

His eyes and the end of his restless nose were pink; he could scratch himself anywhere he pleased, with any leg, front or back, that he chose to use; he could fluff up his tail till it looked like a bottle-brush, and his war-cry, as he scuttled through the long grass, was: ``Rikk-tikk-tikki-tikki-tchk!''

Since Rikki is an animal, it makes sense that he might get his name from the sound of the noise that he makes.  A mongoose is a very brave creature, and according to Kipling a mongoose is also incredibly curious.  While snakes are the natural enemy of the mongoose, Rikki is not even afraid of the cobras.

He was afraid for the minute; but it is impossible for a mongoose to stay frightened for any length of time, … and he knew that all a grown mongoose's business in life was to fight and eat snakes.

Rikki makes his war cry when he is on the hunt.  Throughout the story, Rikki successfully kills three snakes.  He kills the small but deadly Karait first, and then follows it up with the successful deaths of the two cobras, Nag and his wife Nagaina.  He protects the humans that are living in the house, and the other animals in the garden.

Personification is often used in stories that serve as fables.  Animals are given human traits and values.  In this story, we learn the effects of colonialism through Rikki and the cobras.  Rikki comes in and believes he owns the place.  His war cry is the death knell to the original inhabitants of the garden, the cobras.  While we may cheer for the mongoose, it is important to remember that the snakes were there first.

How do you think the physical properties of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen change when they combine to form sugar?

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the elements that make up sugars including sucrose, white table sugar.

Carbon is a solid at room temperature and is found in three different forms: Coal, graphite and diamond. Graphite and coal are soft while diamond, which has covalent network bonding, is a very hard material.  All are insoluble in water. Graphite and coal are dark gray to black. Carbon has a melting point of about 3500 degrees C.

Oxygen and hydrogen are both colorless gases at room temperature, with boiling points of -183 and -253 degrees C respectively.

The sugars that contain these three elements have very different properties. Sucrose and glucose are water-soluble colorless crystalline solids that appear white in the granulated form. Sucrose has a melting point of 186 degrees C and glucose melts at 146 degrees C. Glucose is  more often available as  a thick, syrup-like aqueous solution. The molar masses of sugars are much higher than those of their constituent elements:

sucrose - 342 g/mol

glucose - 180 g/mol

hydrogen gas - 2 g/mol

oxgen gas - 32 g/mol

carbon - 12 g/mol

There are other sugars with the same chemical formulas as sucrose and glucose, but different structural formulas. They have physical properties similar to those of sucrose and glucose.

Note that although sugars contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, they aren't produced directly from their elements. Sugars are plant products that are produced from the carbon dioxide gas and water that plants take in.

What does Uncle Jack think of the fight between Francis and Scout after talking to Scout?

After he confers with Scout about her verbal exchanges with Francis, Uncle Jack understands why she has acted as she has towards her cousin.

Subsequent to Scout's punch to the mouth of Francis, Atticus loads her into their car and they return home from Finch's Landing where they have spent Christmas. But, because Scout has been so angered that Jack does not let her explain why she has struck Francis in the mouth, she has told her uncle that she will never speak to him again for having been so unfair. Troubled by Scout's words, Jack decides to drive to the Finches' and clear up any misunderstanding. When he knocks on the door, Scout angrily tells him, "Go away!" But he insists on resolving their conflict. So, when he allows Scout to explain that Francis has called her father a "n*****r-lover and repeated part of what he has overheard--

"Atticus'd be the ruination of the family an' he let Jem an me run wild...." (Ch. 9)--

Now Uncle Jack becomes disturbed not by Scout, but by the words of Francis. He then promises Scout,

"We'll see about this....I've a good mind to go out there tonight.....The idea of--wait'll I get my hands on that boy...." (Ch.9)

Despite her satisfaction that Uncle Jack now understands, Scout begs him to not tell Atticus about her fight with Francis, explaining that she would prefer that her father believe that their fight was about something else, rather than the upcoming trial. He agrees and good relations are resumed as her physician uncle tends to Scout's skinned knuckles.