List three signs that could indicate that a chemical reaction is taking place.

When a chemical reaction takes place chemical bonds are broken, atoms are rearranged and new bonds are formed. This results in a new substance that usually looks different from the reactants. Here are some indications that a new substance has formed:

1. Color change - such as iron rusting

2. Temperature change - release of heat and/or light such as flames if the reaction is exothermic or cooling of surroundings if reaction is endothermic

3. Rapid release of gas bubbles

4. Formation of a precipitate which will appear as cloudiness in an initially clear solution

5. Odors that are produced during the reaction

In summary, you're looking for indications that a new substance was produced. When you mix vinegar with baking soda gas bubbles are produced that weren't present before. This is a chemical reaction. When you shake up a carbonated drink then open it you see a lot of gas bubbles, but you also know that the drink had CO2 gas dissolved in it at the start. This isn't a chemical reaction. Be sure to ask yourself if what you're observing is a new substance. 

When and where was Shakespeare born?

The traditional date for William Shakespeare's birth is April 23, 1564. The exact date of Shakespeare's birth is not known for sure, but records indicate he was baptized on April 26, 1564. Because babies were generally baptized in to the Anglican Church (Church of England) within a few days of their birth, historians assume Shakespeare was probably born a few days prior to his baptism. 

The location Shakespeare was born is Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. Stratford-upon-Avon is located roughly 100 miles northwest of London, and he spent most of his life in one of these two cities. Even today, Stratford-upon-Avon remains a small town, containing less than 30,000 residents. However, the town has become famous as the birthplace of Shakespeare; as many as 5 million tourists visit Stratford-upon-Avon each year.

How did the Tucks know that the spring water made them immortal in Tuck Everlasting?

The Tucks became aware that the spring water made them immortal when they did not die of life-threatening injuries.

When the Tuck family first drank from the forest spring, they had no idea what effect it would have.  However, they soon noticed some strange things.  They entire family drank from the spring, and so did their horse.  Their cat did not drink from the spring, however, and this became the key to identifying the source of their immortality.  The humans and the horse did not die, even when they should have, but the cat only lived out its natural life.

The family shares with Winnie some of the mortal encounters they had.  First, Jesse fell out of a tree and didn’t get hurt when he should have.  Then, something really strange happened with the horse.

"Not long after," Miles went on, "some hunters come by one day at sunset. The horse was out grazing by some trees and they shot him. Mistook him for a deer, they said. Can you fancy that? But the thing is, they didn't kill him. The bullet went right on through him, and didn't hardly even leave a mark." (Ch. 7)

Other unusual incidents include Pa getting a snakebite, Jesse eating poisonous mushrooms, and Ma cutting herself with a knife.  They were supposed to die, but they didn’t because they drank from the spring.  More importantly, no one was aging either.  Miles’s family stayed the age they were, and he didn’t. 

"I was more'n forty by then," said Miles sadly. "I was married. I had two children. But, from the look of me, I was still twenty-two. My wife, she finally made up her mind I'd sold my soul to the Devil. She left me. She went away and she took the children with her." (Ch. 7

This is a trend that would follow the family.  They could not stay in one place without attracting attention, because people would wonder why they weren’t aging.  As a result, the family became nomadic and lived on the outskirts of towns.

All of this information underscores the reasons why Jesse could not let Winnie drink from the spring.  While being immortal sounds good, it is actually quite a lonely life.  The Tucks drank without knowing what would happen.  Jesse wanted to make sure that the same thing did not happen to young Winnie.

Why does George stay with Lennie in the novel Of Mice and Men?

George stays with Lennie, because they are friends.  This might sound like a simplistic answer, but it is actually profound in the world of Of Mice and Men. In this world, there are very few friendships.  Alienation reigns supreme. All the men on the ranch are alone.  Even the men who have been on the ranch for a long time are alone. Candy is alone; he only has his dog. Crooks is completely alone as a black man.  In fact, he has had no visitors from the other men.  Lennie was one of the first people to visit him.  Curley and his wife have a horrible relationship, even though they have been married a few weeks. 

Within this context, George and Lennie has something special and amazing - companionship. 

Here is conversation between Slim and George that makes this point:

Slim looked through George and beyond him. “Ain’t many guys travel around together,” he mused. “I don’t know why. Maybe ever’body in the whole damn world is scared of each other."

“It’s a lot nicer to go around with a guy you know,” said George.

In conclusion, one of the main themes in the book is the friendship that Lennie and George share together. 

In Siddhartha, why does Siddhartha feel that the yearning he has for his son is part of a cycle?

In chapter 11 of Hesse's "Siddhartha," the title character is experiencing great longing for the normalcy of common people's lives as he ferries them across the river. He sees men with their sons and wishes for that life for himself, rather than the journey for wisdom which he's chosen instead. This longing is described as a burning wound.

"And one day, when the wound burned violently, Siddhartha ferried across
the river, driven by a yearning, got off the boat and was willing to go
to the city and to look for his son."

Instead of doing this, Siddhartha looks down into the river and sees his reflection, recognizing in it the same pain he once saw in his father's face, when he left home.

"Had his father not also suffered the same pain for him, which he now suffered for his son?"

This is what Siddhartha asks himself. He sees the karmic cycle of his life, the pain of this father reflected in himself over his own son. He saw this repeating cycle going on in the world endlessly, in countless people. When he asks Vasudeva about this, Vasudeva is able to guide him to "hear" what the river is saying, and Siddhartha hears the oneness of things, which heals his pain of longing.

"...he heard them all, perceived the whole, the oneness, then the great
song of the thousand voices consisted of a single word, which was Om:
the perfection."

Did Beethoven ever travel the world?

Ludwig van Beethoven traveled minimally in Europe, especially as a young man.  He was born in Bonn, Germany.  Bonn is located near Cologne, in the west-central part of Germany.  Cologne is not far from Holland.

As a child, young Beethoven traveled to Holland.  His mother accompanied him there.  While there, he gave private piano concerts.  He traveled to Rotterdam.   He also traveled along the Rhine in Germany.

As a young man, Beethoven went to Vienna in Austria.  While in Vienna, Beethoven met Mozart.  Some accounts say that Mozart saw talent in young Beethoven and became his teacher for a short time.  Beethoven was not able to stay in Vienna for as long as planned.  He received devastating news that his mother had passed away, and he had to return to Bonn.  He returned to Vienna the next year and stayed.  It was after this that he became acclaimed for his talents in Vienna.

What is a quote that depicts Mayella accusing Tom Robinson of rape in the novel To Kill A Mockingbird?

In Chapter 18, Mayella Ewell takes the witness stand to testify against Tom Robinson. The prosecutor begins by asking her to repeat what happened on the night of November 21st. Mayella claims that she offered Tom Robinson a nickel to bust up an old chiffarobe, and when she went into the house to retrieve the nickel, he followed her in and began assaulting her. She says he "chunked" her on the floor and took advantage of her. When Atticus begins to question Mayella, she thinks he is mocking her because he calls her "Ma'am." After asking her a series of questions that reveal how Mayella lives a rather lonely, pitiful life, Atticus asks her if she remembers being struck in the face. Mayella confuses her testimony by first saying "no," then saying "yes." Mayella suddenly remembers that Tom choked her, then tried to punch her, and his punch glanced her eye. When Atticus asks her why no one came running when she screamed, Mayella doesn't answer. Atticus asks her a litany of follow-up questions which Mayella refuses to answer. After Atticus begs her to tell the truth, that her father beat her, Mayella says,

"I got somethin' to say an' then I ain't gonna say it no more. That nigger yonder took advantage of me an' if you fine fancy gentlemen don't wanta do nothin' about it then you're all yellow stinkin' cowards, stinkin' cowards, the lot of you." (Lee 251)

Despite Mayella's contradictory testimony that is clearly fabricated, Tom Robinson becomes a victim of racial injustice and is wrongly convicted of assaulting and raping Mayella Ewell.

What is the `Delta`H of reaction in kJ/mol of n-C6H14 for the reaction described in the image?

The heat energy produced by the combustion of 1.00g of n-hexane is equal to the  sum of the heat absorbed by the water and the heat absorbed by the calorimeter.  The specific heat of water tells you how much heat is absorbed in raising the temperature of one gram one degree Celsius. The water equivalent of the calorimeter is the mass of water that absorbs the same amount of heat as the calorimeter.

The calorimeter and water reach thermal equilibrium, so both have a `Delta`T of (29.30-22.64)=6.66 degrees C.

Heat gained by water: q= mc`Delta`T = (1500g)(4.18 J/g-degC)(6.66 degC)=41,758 J

Heat gained by calorimeter: q= mc`Delta`T = (961g)(4.18J/g-degC)(6.66 degC) =26,753 J

The total heat absorbed: q = 41,758 J + 26,753 J = 68,511 J = 68.5 kJ

The heat released by the combustion of n-hexane is opposite in sign to that gained by the water and calorimeter, so heat of the reaction is q = -68.5 kJ

Now to find the kJ per mole of n-hexane we need to calculate the number of moles that reacted:

1.00 g x 1 mol/86.1g = 0.0116 moles

`Delta` H= q/moles = -68.5 kJ/0.0116 mol = 5.91 x 10^3 kJ/mol

`3x - 5y + 5z = 1, 5x - 2y + 3z = 0, 7x - y + 3z = 0` Solve the system of linear equations and check any solutions algebraically.

EQ1:  `3x-5y+5z=1`

EQ2:  `5x-2y+3z=0`

EQ3:  `7x-y+3z=0`

To solve this system of equations, let's use elimination method. In elimination method,  a variable or variables should be eliminated to get the value of the other variable.

Let's eliminate y by multiply EQ3 by -5. Then add it with EQ1.

EQ1: `3x-5y+5z=1`

EQ3: `(7x-y+3z=0)*(-5)`

             `3x-5y+5z=1`

`+`   `-35x+5y-15z=0`

`----------------`

               `-32x - 10z=1`       Let this be EQ4.         

Eliminate y again by multiplying EQ3 by -2. And add it with EQ2.

EQ2: `5x-2y+3z=0`

EQ3: `(7x-y+3z=0)*(-2)`

              `5x - 2y+3z=0`

`+`      `-14x+2y-6z=0`

`----------------`

                   `-9x-3z=0`

                        `3x+z=0`       Let this be EQ5.

Then, consider two new equations.

EQ4:  `-32x-10z=1`

EQ5: `3x + z=0`

Eliminate the z in these two equations by multiplying EQ5 with 10. And,  add them.

     `-32x-10z=1`

`+`     `30x + 10z=0`

`-------------`

                      `-2x=1`

Then, isolate the x.

`(-2x)/(-2)=1/(-2)`

`x=-1/2`

Plug-in this value of x to either EQ4 or EQ5.

EQ5: `3x+z=0`

`3(-1/2)+z=0`

And, solve for z.

`-3/2+z=0`

`-3/2+3/2+z=0+3/2`

`z=3/2`

Then, plug-in the values of x and z to either of the original equations.

EQ3: `7x-y+3z=0`

`7(-1/2)-y+3(3/2)=0`

`-7/2-y+9/2=0`

`1-y=0`

`1-1-y=0-1`

`-y=-1`

`(-y)/(-1)=(-1)/(-1)`

`y=1`

To check, plug-in the values of x, y and z to the three original equations. If the resulting conditions are all true, then, it verifies it is the solution of the given system of equations.

EQ1: `3x-5y+5z=1`

`3(-1/2)-5(1)+5(3/2)=1`

`-3/2-5+15/2=1`

`-3/2-10/2+15/2=1`

`2/2=1`

`1=1`     `:. True`

EQ2: `5x-2y+3z=0`

`5(-1/2)-2(1)+3(3/2)=0`

`-5/2-2+9/2=0`

`-5/2-4/2+9/2=0`

`0/2=0`

`0=0`      `:. True`

EQ3: `7x-y+3z=0`

`7(-1/2)-1+3(3/2)=0`

`-7/2-1+9/2=0`

`-7/2-2/2+9/2=0`

`0/2=0`

`0=0`     `:. True`

Therefore, the solution is   `(-1/2,1,3/2)` .

Why did Macbeth help the king defeat the rebels and Norwegians?

Under the prevailing feudal system, Macbeth derives his title as Thane of Glamis, and the lands and privileges that go with it, from the king, who is absolute monarch. The same applies to all the other thanes. They support the king, and the king legalizes their titles and lands. The people who live on the lands are serfs of the thanes and have to work for them and pay them taxes. The thanes can conscript serfs to fight in their armies. Macbeth is obligated to fight for the king whenever called upon, bringing his soldiers with him. In this recent war, the king rewards Macbeth by naming him Thane of Cawdor, after ordering the execution of the traitorous Thane of Cawdor in Act I, Scene 2. 

No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive
Our bosom interest. Go pronounce his present death,
And with his former title greet Macbeth.

(Note how Shakespeare's scenes often end with rhymed couplets. This seems intended to remind the audience that they are hearing poetry, usually in unrhymed iambic pentameter. The poetry is by far the most important element of Shakespeare's plays.)

The title of Thane of Cawdor enriches Macbeth greatly because of the ownership of the lands that go with it and virtual ownership of the peasants who have to live on the land. The king and the thanes ruled by force. No one dared question their rights to dominate and exploit the peasantry. That would be treason. Obviously, the king has the power to bestow titles and also the power to revoke them. Macbeth must obey Duncan implicitly. In Act I, Scene 4, Macbeth tells Duncan:

The service and the loyalty I owe,
In doing it, pays itself. Your highness’ part
Is to receive our duties, and our duties
Are to your throne and state, children and servants,
Which do but what they should, by doing every thing
Safe toward your love and honor.

That's feudalism.

What are some ideas for an informative speech on the Salem Witch Trials? I want to add dimension to my speech by explaining to the audience just...

The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 are one of the darkest periods in American colonial history but, as you say, still have an important social and cultural ramifications. Here are some points you might want to consider for your informative speech:

• The trials mark the end of Puritan-style thinking in the colonies and the triumph of more modern ideas that are based on reason and logic. Could you imagine, for example, spectral evidence being presented in a courtroom today or a major catastrophe being blamed on a devil?  


• The trials teach us an important lesson about creating scapegoats, i.e. people who are incorrectly blamed for some disaster or shared problem. Have a think about modern examples of scapegoats. You could also look at the treatment of communists after World War Two or the McMartin Preschool Trials of the 1980s.


• These trials created the modern notion of witches meeting in secret and dancing in forests at nights. This idea led to the development of the genre, American Wilderness Gothic, which can be seen in lots of films, like the Blair Witch Project, Legend of Sleepy Hollow and To Kill A Mockingbird. 

Discuss the belief systems of Neolithic societies.

The most significant developments in religion during the Neolithic period occurred between 8,000-3,000 BC. There was a shift from the reverence of stone to the worship of the earth and celestial objects like the sun and moon. This evolution of thought obviously corresponds to the shift from hunting to the utilization of the land for farming.

Because there are no sacred texts or writings from this period, historians must examine the archaeological record to gain insight about religion from this epoch. This proves difficult at times and leads to great debate in the field of archaeology and anthropology. Because Asia Minor and Europe are the areas that have yielded the best archaeological data, these are the regions that are understood the best. It is apparent that most neolithic cultures worshipped a mother goddess or fertility goddess of some sort. The reverence of a female deity is most likely tied directly to the fertility of the earth as well as the fertility of the women of the society. A shift to a patriarchal religious system seems to have occurred during the Bronze Age.

There is also significant archaeological evidence of the worship of gods and goddesses that are connected to the sun, moon, or other natural objects. Neolithic societies were concerned about the movements of the celestial bodies because they understood the connection of those movements to seasons. Calendars were developed for religious ritual and to plan the agricultural activities of the community.

Because of the elaborate nature of burial mounds and pyramids from this period, it is also evident that the belief in an afterlife developed during the Neolithic era.

How did the Confederation Congress facilitate the rapid settlement of Ohio in 1787?

The Confederation Congress facilitated the rapid settlement of Ohio in 1787 through the passage of the Northwest Ordinance. The Northwest Ordinance created the Northwest Territory (the first U.S. territory) out of unincorporated land west of the Appalachian mountains. The Northwest Territory included all or parts of the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota (here is a good map of the territory).

The reason Congress organized the Northwest Territory was to prepare these regions for their eventual incorporation into the union as states. Ohio was the first state to meet the requirements for statehood--which included reaching a population of 60,000 and drafting a state constitution--and it entered the union in 1803. Without the passage of the Northwest Ordinance, Ohio would not have become a state as quickly as it did.

How does Keats' poem "Ode to a Nightingale" relate to the theme of conflict between the ideal and the real?

The premise of "Ode to a Nightingale" is pretty straightforward: the poet hears the beautiful song of the bird at dusk, and the sound causes him to reflect on his own mortality, and the bonds of everyday life. The essential problem of the poem is the poet's lack of access to the eternal world of beauty to which the nightingale's song belongs -- in a sense, the poem, beautiful as it is, is about the inadequacy of poetry to express the eternal beauty the poet perceives in the world.

We've seen this in other Keats poems; in "Ode on a Grecian Urn," for example, the figures on the urn are idealized and fixed; their beauty is eternal, while the poet is all too aware of the fleeting nature of his perception. Similarly, the song of the nightingale is eternal; Keats writes "Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird! / No hungry generations tread thee down; / The voice I hear this passing night was heard  / In ancient days by emperor and clown." The enduring nature of the bird's beauty is contrasted with the mortality of men: "Here, where men sit and hear each other groan; / Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs, / Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies." 

The "here" refers to the "real" world in which the poet must live; the "ideal" world of the bird, which can be understood as the eternal world of beauty, is what the poet longs to reach. He imagines a wine that can take him there: "O for a beaker full of the warm South, / Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene, / With beaded bubbles winking at the brim, / And purple-stained mouth; / That I might drink, and leave the world unseen, / And with thee fade away into the forest dim." 

Of course, wine is no use. Neither is poetry: "Away! away! for I will fly to thee, / Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards, / But on the viewless wings of Poesy, /  Though the dull brain perplexes and retards." Keat's "dull brain" is unequal to the task of capturing or understanding the beauty of the nightingale's song. He next turns to death as a possible way to the ideal world of beauty: "Now more than ever seems it rich to die, / To cease upon the midnight with no pain, / While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroad In such an ecstasy! / Still wouldst thou sing, and I have ears in vain— / To thy high requiem become a sod." The poet recognizes that even if he were to die, he would still be separate from the beauty of the nightingale -- he would be dead and unhearing, while the bird's beautiful song would endure.

The poem ends when the bird flies away. The reverie of the poet is broken:

Adieu! adieu! thy plaintive anthem fades
Past the near meadows, over the still stream,
Up the hill-side; and now 'tis buried deep
In the next valley-glades:
Was it a vision, or a waking dream?
Fled is that music:—Do I wake or sleep?

His final question -- is he asleep or awake? -- reframes this problem of the poem. One way to think about the last question is to see it as a question about the nature of poetry itself: is this poem a dream -- is it a vision of ideal beauty, or of the harsh limits of reality and poetic language? The fact that the poem ends with no definite answer to this question suggests that the ideal and the real, for Keats, are perhaps not opposites at all, but two realities that poetry can only imperfectly describe.

Why does the writer end the novel Lord of the Flies with the boys' rescue instead of killing them?

Lord of the Flies should not be considered a rescue, or adventure story, but rather a statement on society.  The entire novel revolved around removing individuals from the rules and expectations of civilized society and seeing the effect that their new freedom would have.  Jack spiraled down into savagery, bringing most of the other boys with him. Evidence of his savage tendencies was his embrace of his long hair and dirty clothes.  Instead of being repulsed by blood, he finds it funny and even smears it on his face.  Ralph, however, rejects his long hair and dirty clothes and longs to return to civilization.  The rescue fire is a priority for him and not Jack because Jack enjoys the freedom to act in ways that would be unacceptable in his former civilized society. 

The boys' rescue happens right as Jack's savagery is coming to a peak and he is about to kill Ralph in cold blood.  The reader, at this point, is judging Jack to be the most savage person; he is exhibiting behavior that is completely unacceptable to the reader.  We judge him and feel great relief that Ralph survives and the boys are being brought back to civilization.

However Golding does not end the novel with Ralph's emotional release of all the evil that occurred on the island.  Instead, he adds the following two sentences to conclude the novel:

The officer, surrounded by these noises, was moved and a little embarrassed. He turned away to give them time to pull themselves together; and waited, allowing his eyes to rest on the trim cruiser in the distance.

By ending the novel with the image of the cruiser, we are reminded that the boys are being rescued, but are being brought back to a civilized society that is in the midst of a war just like the one from which they are being rescued. Ending the novel with Ralph being killed would present the idea that savagery overtly wins in the end.  By ending the novel with rescue, the idea presented is that savagery is a subtle force that is ever-present, even in civilized society.

What is the plot diagram of Fahrenheit 451?

Exposition: The setting of the novel is in a dystopian society where firemen burn books instead of putting out fires. Montag is a fireman who meets his new neighbor Clarisse McClellan. Clarisse is a 17-year-old girl who becomes the catalyst of Montag's self-awareness. She asks Montag if he is happy with his life. Montag begins to think and evaluates his life.

Conflict: During a routine call, Montag witnesses a woman commit suicide by lighting a match and burning to death with her books. He instinctually takes a book from her house. It is illegal to own books and Montag hides the book under his pillow.

Rising Action: Captain Beatty suspects Montag has stolen a book and lectures him on the necessity of destroying books. Beatty is knowledgeable regarding literature despite the society's censorship rules. He gives Montag 24 hours to look through the book to prove literature is void of meaning. He contacts a former English professor, Faber, in hopes of understanding literature.

Climax: Montag reads the poem "Dover Beach" to his wife and her friends. The poem makes Mrs. Phelps cry, and the ladies storm out of his house. Montag's wife, Mildred, calls the fire chief to report that her husband is hiding books.

Falling Action: When Montag is told to burn his books, he sprays the flamethrower at Beatty and kills him. Montag goes on the run and flees the city. He travels down the river and follows the railroad tracks until he meets a group of "hobo" intellectuals.

Resolution: The group of intellectuals teaches Montag how to recite books from memory in hopes of one-day reproducing written works. Jets fly overhead and drop a nuclear bomb on the city. Montag begins to walk towards society to eventually rebuild a literate civilization.

In Lyddie, how was Betsy's brother selfish?

Betsy’s brother was selfish because she put him through college and he barely paid any attention to her.

Betsy works at the factory, but most of her money goes to her brother.  Her brother is attending Harvard, and Betsy is paying his way. Unlike the close relationship Lyddie has with her brother, Betsy and her brother do not seem close and do not really get along.  You would think he would be grateful to her for all she does for him, but he barely acknowledges her existence.

Betsy wants to go to college, but all of her money is going to pay for her brother to go to college.  As long as he is there, she must keep working and she can’t save up money to go to college herself.

"The golden lad finishes Harvard this spring. His fees are paid up, and I've got nearly the money I need now. My Latin is done. So as soon as I complete my botany course, I'll be ready to leave this insane asylum." (Ch. 13)

It was rare for women to go to college back then, unless it was a teacher’s college.  Betsy found a college in Ohio that took women.  She continued studying to prepare to go there.

After Betsy’s brother finishes college, she comments that he probably will not even come and see her. When Betsy gets sick, she has to quit the factory.  Her dream of college will never come true. Even with his sister sick, Betsy's brother shows little interest.

Lyddie wrote the brother. He was only in Cambridge‐less than a day away by coach or train‐but there was a three‐week delay before he wrote to say that he was studying for his final examinations and would, perhaps, be able to come for a visit at the end of the term. (Ch. 14)

Betsy is saddened but not surprised that her brother does not want to visit her.  After all, he is the "golden boy."  Everything is about him.  Lyddie is surprised that he does not take more interest in the sister who put him through college.

When Antonia says "I guess everybody thinks about old times, even the happiest people," what is she suggesting about Jim?

The quote appears in Book IV, Chapter IV. In this chapter Jim and Antonia are reunited. So much has happened to each of them: Jim has attended law school, and Antonia has been jilted by her fiance and left with a baby. Nevertheless, the pair are so happy to see each other; even though their lives have changed so much, there is a deep truth that each finds in the other that is changeless. They love each other, but in a way that perhaps transcends romantic love -- it is the love that comes from being fully known.

When Jim says to her, "Do you know, Ántonia, since I’ve been away, I think of you more often than of any one else in this part of the world. I’d have liked to have you for a sweetheart, or a wife, or my mother or my sister — anything that a woman can be to a man. The idea of you is a part of my mind; you influence my likes and dislikes, all my tastes, hundreds of times when I don’t realize it. You really are a part of me,” he is finally expressing his pent up feelings; but Antonia, always somehow unattainable, just says "Ain’t it wonderful, Jim, how much people can mean to each other? I’m so glad we had each other when we were little." There is a bittersweet quality to this moment -- she is not exactly refusing him, although it must feel a little that way for Jim. It is more an affirmation of what they do share, which is the past, a past that stretches into the future.

The quote in question is an interesting twist on this theme. If Jim is expressing his long suppressed feelings for Antonia, the quote seems to suggest that Antonia might think of Jim, with his Harvard education, as equally unattainable. When she says that "even the happiest" people think about the old times, she is making a sly reference to Jim himself, as if she is imagining him back east practicing law, living a very different life, happy and separate.

I don't think Antonia envies Jim. Her greatest quality is her complete lack of self pity or envy. Instead, the chapter ends with an affirmation of what they share. As Jim says, as he returned to the Widow Steaven's place afterward:

As I went back alone over that familiar road, I could almost believe that a boy and girl ran along beside me, as our shadows used to do, laughing and whispering to each other in the grass.  

Are there any quotes in the play Othello where Iago assures our main protagonist that he is on his side?

There are a number of examples throughout the play in which Iago indicates his support for Othello. He is practicing the art of 'keep your friends close, but keep your enemies closer,' in order to further deceive and manipulate Othello, whom he despises. This is a strategy to further win Othello's trust.

The first example is when he speaks to Othello soon after he and Roderigo had demonized Othello by informing Brabantio in the most slanderously disgusting terms that Othello had abducted his daughter. Iago had then made his way to Othello so that he may think that Iago is there to support him. Iago tells Othello about Brabantio:

Though in the trade of war I have slain men,
Yet do I hold it very stuff o' the conscience
To do no contrived murder: I lack iniquity
Sometimes to do me service: nine or ten times
I had thought to have yerk'd him here under the ribs.

He lies about the fact that Brabantio had so insulted Othello that he felt like killing him, but that he lacks the wickedness to commit such a foul deed. He instead felt like kicking Brabantio under the ribs for defiling Othello's name. He furthermore tells Othello that he had difficulty in restraining himself and wishes to know whether Othello's marriage to Ophelia is secure since Brabantio will make all attempts to have the marriage annulled or use his influence to have Othello punished in some or other way. This is a clear strategy by Iago to win over Othello in proving that he is supportive of him in this matter.

The infernal Iago preys on Othello's sentiments and after creating suspicion in Othello's mind that Cassio and Desdemona might be involved in an illicit liaison, he tells the gullible general:

... now I shall have reason
To show the love and duty that I bear you
With franker spirit: therefore, as I am bound,
Receive it from me. I speak not yet of proof.
Look to your wife; observe her well with Cassio; ...

He actually warns Othello against jealousy when his purpose is actually to ignite this emotion in him. In the extract he tells Othello that he is acting out of love and duty, when he is actually being utterly deceitful. Once again, he seems to be showing his support for Othello in telling him certain truths, which are, in fact, pernicious lies. Iago has, at this point, won Othello's trust completely, judging by the general's monologue in which he refers to Iago in the following terms:

This fellow's of exceeding honesty,
And knows all qualities, with a learned spirit,
Of human dealings.

Later in the play, after Iago once again lies to Othello about Cassio having shared a bed with him. Cassio had, in his sleep, so he claims, passionately kissed him (supposedly believing that he was kissing Desdemona) and mentioned Desdemona's name, cursing the fact that she was married to Othello, Othello is convinced about their adultery. He kneels to make a solemn pledge to take vengeance. Iago uses this opportunity to display his loyalty to Othello. 

Kneels

In the due reverence of a sacred vow
I here engage my words.

IAGO

Do not rise yet.

Kneels

Witness, you ever-burning lights above,
You elements that clip us round about,
Witness that here Iago doth give up
The execution of his wit, hands, heart,
To wrong'd Othello's service! Let him command,
And to obey shall be in me remorse,
What bloody business ever.

He vows to dedicate everything he has to serve Othello who has been wronged. Othello only needs to command and he will perform whatever bloody deed he needs to execute.

After arriving at Buna, a distant relative asks Elie and his father for news of his family. What is Elie's reply? Why does he say this?

When Elie and his father arrive at their new camp, they are greeted by Stein from Antwerp, a distant relative. Stein asks Elie if he has any news about Stein's family. In reality, Elie has no information about Stein's family; however, he lies and tells Stein that his family is alive and doing well. Why does he do this? At this point, Elie has realized the role of hope in survival. He knows that if he gives Stein hope, he will increase Stein's chances of making it through the concentration camp. Elie has little materially to offer, but this is something he can give.

Unfortunately, the "gift" is short-lived. When a transport arrives from Antwerp soon after, Stein learns the actual fate of his family and never visits Elie again.

Vacuum is a relative pressure term; what is the amount of vacuum gauged against?

Generally speaking, vacuum is measured against the surrounding atmosphere. We call this gauge pressure, and when it goes negative, that means that the pressure inside the chamber is lower than the pressure of the atmosphere around it.

Thus, for example, a vacuum chamber might have a gauge pressure of -95 kilopascals, meaning that its pressure is 95 kilopascals below that of the surrounding air. This does not mean that the chamber literally has a negative pressure; it actually has a positive pressure inside of perhaps 10 kilopascals, but this is less than the outside air pressure of 105 kilopascals, and thus the net effect of pressure is to compress the chamber rather than expand it.

We could alternatively say that it has a vacuum pressure of 95 kilopascals, where vacuum pressure is simply the opposite of gauge pressure so that we can remove the minus sign.

Theoretically perfectly empty space should have an absolute pressure of 0, so its vacuum pressure would equal to atmospheric pressure, but in the real world we never actually encounter such perfectly empty space; even in deep space there is still a little bit of pressure from ambient hydrogen.

What quote depicts Atticus standing up for Tom Robinson in the courtroom?

There are numerous quotes throughout the courtroom scenes in Chapters 17 through 20 that depict Atticus standing up for Tom Robinson. One of the most memorable, significant scenes throughout the trial takes place in Chapter 20 when Atticus gives his closing remarks. Atticus begins by stating that this case is as simple as black and white. He mentions that the Ewells' testimonies contradict one another, and elaborates on Mayella's motivation to accuse Tom Robinson of raping her. Atticus explains the guilt she felt by breaking the unwritten "code" of society, and suggests that Bob Ewell assaulted his own daughter after witnessing her actions. He continues by discussing the inaccuracy and ignorance associated with the "evil assumption" that all black men are immoral beings. He urges the jury members to look beyond their prejudiced views and judge Tom's case based solely on the evidence provided. Atticus says,

"Gentlemen, a court is no better than each man of you sitting before me on this jury. A court is only as sound as its jury, and a jury is only as sound as the men who make it up. I am confident that you gentlemen will review without passion the evidence you have heard, come to a decision, and restore this defendant to his family. In the name of God, do your duty." (Lee 275)

Atticus is pleading that the jury put aside their racist ideologies and judge Tom Robinson with equality. Atticus has already defended Tom's character, pointed out the Ewells' lies, and is now calling for justice. Unfortunately, the prejudiced jury members wrongly convict Tom Robinson. Tom Robinson becomes yet another victim of racial injustice in Maycomb, Alabama.

What is the quote that old lady says while her house and books burn?

In Part 1, when the firemen go to burn down the old woman's house, she says, "Play the man, Master Ridley; we shall this day light such a candle, by God's grace, in England, as I trust shall never be put out." This quote reportedly comes from Hugh Latimer, a martyr in 16th Century England. Under the orders of Queen Mary, Latimer, along with Master Ridley, was burned at the stake after refusing to pledge loyalty to the pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

This historical allusion relates to the idea that through her martyrdom, the woman could provide a light for those who did not believe in the firemen's way of being. In fact, Montag somewhat confirms her hopes when, later in the chapter, says, "[M]en like Beatty are afraid of her. I can't understand it. Why should they be so afraid of someone like her?"

In addition, her martyrdom inspires Montag to steal a book from her home. While the reader later finds out he's stolen many books, he hasn't read any of them. Instead, he has hidden them away in his walls. However, the old woman's martyrdom in the name of her books inspires Montag to actually sit and start reading them.

The passage he reads at the end is another allusion, this one from Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels: "It is computed that eleven thousand persons have at several times suffered death rather than submit to break eggs at the smaller end." Again, like the woman who quoted Latimer, this passage reinforces the idea that dying for something is worthwhile. 

Why does it take Walter Cunningham so long to make a decision concerning Jem's suggestion?

Scout is mad at Walter Cunningham. She blames him because she got in trouble at school with her new teacher over a discussion about his lack of lunch. She fights Walter until Jem comes up and tells her not to. Walter seems worried that both Jem and Scout will beat him up. Scout mentions to Jem that Walter does not have lunch. Jem decides to invite Walter over to their house for lunch. At first, Walter seems excited about this, but then his face changes. He seems concerned about going over to their house for lunch. He fears being beaten up. He is also concerned about being around Scout, who is angry with him. To reassure him, Jem tells Walter that Atticus knows his father. He also promises Scout will not try to beat him up anymore. Scout does not want to make any promises about not beating Walter up, but she eventually relents. She tells Walter about the delicious butterbeans Calpurnia cooks. Jem and Scout leave for home, and Walter eventually follows:

Walter stood where he was, biting his lip. Jem and I gave up, and we were nearly to the Radley Place when Walter called, "Hey, I'm comin'!" (Chapter 3)

In "Flowers for Algernon" by Daniel Keyes, why does Charlie get a $25 dollar bonus?

As Charlie becomes smarter and smarter in "Flowers for Algernon" by Daniel Keyes, he learns to do things he could not do before. His intelligence quickly surpasses the men he works with and eventually surpasses his teacher, Miss Kinnian, and his doctors as well. In his April 25 progress report, Charlie writes,

"I figured out a new way to line up the machines in the factory, and Mr. Donnegan says it will save him ten thousand dollars a year in labor and increased production." (Keyes 20)

For that, Mr. Donnegan gives Charlie a $25.00 bonus. Charlie wants to take two of his fellow workers out to celebrate, but they both decline, probably because they are now uncomfortable with Charlie's new-found intelligence. Charlie is very happy to receive the bonus, but obviously it is not very much for the amount of money he is saving Mr. Donnegan and the company. Even though Charlie is smarter now, he is still being used by others.

Do plants undergo photosynthesis or cellular respiration or both?

Plants undergo both: photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants consume carbon dioxide and water and produce food, in the form of glucose molecule. Plants carry out this process only in the presence of sunlight. The chemical reaction for this process is given as:

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

This process also produces oxygen, which is essential for survival of aerobic life forms, such as human beings. 

Cellular respiration is the process by which plants and other life forms produce energy. The chemical reaction for cellular respiration is given as:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

This process is complementary to photosynthesis. A key feature of cellular respiration is generation of energy in the form of ATP molecules. Energy is required for all the life processes and is a requirement for life sustenance. 

Plants carry our both the processes, thus generating food and energy. In fact, cellular respiration is carried out continuously throughout their life, while photosynthesis is only carried out during the hours when sunlight is available.

Hope this helps.

List three ways light waves are different from sound waves.

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Give 5 quotes of Simon being a Christ-like figure.

When trying to determine whether a literary character is a "Christ-figure," it is not necessary to find a complete parallel between that character and the person of Jesus Christ. An author may try to portray a character as a realistic person, yet that person will have certain qualities, perform certain actions, or be treated in certain ways that will be reminiscent of the life of Christ. Simon in Lord of the Flies meets the qualification for a Christ-figure in the following ways:

1. Other characters misunderstand him and consider him odd. Repeatedly in the story characters call Simon "batty" either to his face or behind his back. In chapter 3, when Simon is missing, Ralph says to Jack, "He's queer. He's funny." 

2. The character is sensitive or sympathetic to the underprivileged. Simon is the only one who helps Ralph build the third shelter; as Ralph says to Jack, "Simon. He helps. ... He's always about." Speaking of the littluns, Golding says,

"Simon found for them the fruit they could not reach, pulled off the choicest from up in the foliage, passed them back down to the endless, outstretched hands."

3. He often sees a truth no one else understands. When the boys are discussing the beast, Simon says, "maybe it's only us," which causes the boys to scorn him. 

4. The character has a conversation with a tempter, a devil, that tries to dissuade him from his mission. Simon has the vision and conversation with the Lord of the Flies, who taunts him. The "Beast" says to him,

"I'm warning you. I'm going to get angry. D'you see? You're not wanted. Understand? We are going to have fun on this island. Understand?"

5. Finally, and probably most importantly, the character dies unjustly. Simon is murdered by a crazed mob who shout, "Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood!" just like the angry mob shouted, "Crucify him!" in Jesus' case. Golding also brings in imagery related to the crucifixion when he writes that "Simon was crying out something about a dead man on a hill" and describes the "first of the stains that seeped from the broken body." 

The handout available at the link below gives more suggestions for identifying Christ-figures, many of which also apply to Simon.

What events after the American Revolution lead to a new sense of nationalism?

There were several events after the American Revolution that led to a new sense of nationalism in our country. One of these events was how we responded to the countries in North Africa that were associated with pirates that demanded tribute from our ships to sail the seas. The United States refused to pay this tribute and after some fighting, these countries backed off of their demands. We also refused to pay a bribe to France when we wanted to meet with them about the French seizure of our ships. Americans were ready to pay millions of dollars to prepare for war with France, but we refused to pay a bribe just to talk with them. These foreign policy issues and their successful resolution show the new spirit of nationalism that was developing.

The United States also did some things domestically that reflected a new sense of nationalism. We developed the American System where we placed protective tariffs on foreign products to protect our industries. We developed a national bank so the government, the people, and our businesses would have a place to keep their money or to get loans. We saw the power of the federal government increase as a result of Supreme Court decisions such as McCulloch v Maryland and Gibbons v Ogden. We developed a plan to pay our debt, and we built a new capital city in Washington, D.C. We also increased the size of our country by making the Louisiana Purchase. We then began to explore the new lands we received.

After the American Revolution, a new sense of nationalism developed in many ways in our country.

Find three values theta, other than 15 degrees, such that sin theta=sin 15 degrees

Find three values of theta such that `sin theta=sin 15^@ ` :

One way is to realize that the period of the sine function is 360 degrees; so any `theta=15+360n,n in ZZ ` will work. (read: theta is 15 + 360n where n is an integer.)

So some possible values are ` theta=375^@,735^@,1095^@,-345^@ ` etc...

Also, if theta works, 180-theta works as well. So we could include `theta=165^@+360n ` such as 165,475,etc...

How can I compare and contrast Daisy Buchanan from The Great Gatsby and Mayella Ewell from To Kill A Mockingbird?

There are many differences between Daisy Buchanan and Mayella Ewell. To begin with, Daisy is an adult woman with a marriage and baby of her own, while Mayella is still living in her father's house and taking care of her younger siblings. Daisy is rich, beautiful, and lives a shallow life of material excess, while Mayella is dirt-poor and unkempt. Daisy's home is in an affluent neighborhood, while Mayella lives on the outskirts of town next to the town dump. Daisy's attitudes about life are revealed in her lifestyle choices, including her flapperish drinking and smoking, her lack of time spent with her daughter, and her marital problems. Mayella does not have the financial means to experience the lifestyle that Daisy leads, and her problems are thus not of the same flavor as Daisy's. Mayella's attitudes about life stem rather from living in poverty, being abused and neglected by her father, and harboring resentment due to racial and economic tension.

While their lives are very different, Daisy Buchanan and Mayella Ewell do have some important things in common. Both young women are very lonely people who desperately want to find affection from others. Both are trapped in the lives that they lead (Daisy's loveless marriage and Mayella's membership in the universally-disliked and poverty-stricken Ewell clan). Daisy's flirtatious friendship with Jay Gatsby damages her marriage further than it already was damaged, and Mayella's advances with Tom Robinson put her and Tom both into trouble with Mayella's father. Eventually these attempts by both Daisy and Mayella to feel loved lead to the death of other characters: Daisy kills Myrtle Wilson in a hit-and-run car accident while emotionally upset due to an unpleasant scene with Daisy's husband, thus is also not blameless in the eventual killing of Gatsby by recently-deceased Myrtle's enraged husband; Mayella inadvertently causes the death of Tom Robinson by falsely implicating him in a rape trial, after which he was killed as he tried to escape custody that he should never have been put into.

The reactions of both Daisy and Mayella to the grief and harm they cause to other people are also noteworthy. Daisy, while too shaken up to continue driving after the accident, does not stop to help her victim or appear at any time to receive any consequences for what she has done. Mayella, while emotional during the trial for her alleged rape, shows callous disregard for the fact that she is putting Tom Robinson in danger of being killed if he should be found guilty. In fact she is adamant that her accusation is true and that she does not want to talk about it any further. There is evidence that Mayella has been abused by her father instead of Tom and is accusing Tom in order to protect herself from further punishment. Daisy is also guided by fear in the aftermath of killing Myrtle. Ultimately both women had an opportunity to do the right thing for their victims by stopping and acknowledging their own wrong-doing, but neither woman was strong or free enough to do it.

Fear is one of the dominant themes of The Chrysalids. Explain how this theme motivates the main characters throughout the novel.

You are correct. Fear is a constant theme and motivator for characters in the novel.  The fear is a real fear too.  The Waknuk society doesn't tolerate any kind of genetic abnormalities.  If any kind of unacceptable genetic mutation happens, that person is either killed or expelled from the society entirely.  Because of those fears, Sophie's family keeps her 6 toes a secret from everybody.  David doesn't understand why he must keep it a secret at first.  He does eventually come to understand why Sophie and her family are afraid.  David is put into the same kind of fear and situation when he learns that he is a telepath.  

David isn't the only telepath, and the entire group lives in fear of being found out.  That fear comes to a tipping point in chapter ten.  Anne, a telepath, plans to marry.  The rest of the group fears that her secret will be discovered with her marriage, and in turn the rest of the group will be found out.  Out of fear for David's safety, his Uncle Axel kills Anne's future husband.  

In chapter twelve, two of the telepaths are captured.  The rest of the group is fearful that they will be discovered, so they flee the Waknuk society together.  They figure living on the run is better than being killed.  From this point forward, the telepaths are on the run from the Waknuks and the people who live in the Fringes.   Everything they do is focused on reaching the "Sealand" people who might offer some kind of unknown sanctuary.  

Where do we get the reactants of respiration from?

Cellular respiration is the process by which the food (in the form of glucose molecules) is broken down and energy is released. The process can be represented by the following chemical reaction:

`C_6H_12O_6 + 6 O_2 -> 6 CO_2 + 6 H_2O + ATP`

The reactants of cellular respiration are glucose molecules and oxygen. The products are carbon dioxide, water and ATP or adenosine triposphate molecules, which are also the energy molecules. 

These reactants are obtained from the process of photosynthesis, which can be given by the following chemical reaction:

`6CO_2 + 6 H_2O + sunlight -> C_6H_12O_6 + 6 O_2`

Here, carbon dioxide and water react, in presence of sunlight, and generate glucose and oxygen molecules. 

Hence, the two processes, photosynthesis and respiration, are complementary to each other and each one generates products that are used as reactants for the other.

Hope this helps. 

Describe figurative speech in "The Workbox" by Thomas Hardy.

In this seemingly simple poem about village life, a woodworker or "joiner" gives his wife a wooden sewing box he has made for her. At first, this appears a touching gesture, and the wife approaches the husband with "a smile" and tells him it "Twill last all my sewing years!" The language his conveys happiness.

But then the sweet poem turns dark as the wife learns the box was made of a leftover piece of the coffin of a man, John Wayward, from the wife's village. The husband wonders if she is concerned about having a box made from a coffin, and mentions the idea that the wood stands for the proximity of life and death:

One inch where people eat and drink/the next inch in a tomb.

The wife said that doesn't bother her but she is clearly upset by the gift, leading the reader to suspect that she once was Wayward's lover.

Here are some ways the poem uses figurative language:

First, the word "joiner" is a double entendre. A joiner is a carpenter, but here the "joiner" joins things in other ways. He joins life and death figuratively by literally making the sewing box out of the same wood as a coffin. The wood of the coffin stands for death: the carpenter joins death to the wife's everyday life. He also, through his gift, "joins" his wife to the dead Wayward. 

The poem uses irony. We find out, along with the wife, that what seems like a kind-hearted gift actually carries a zinger: it turns out to be a cruel gift that hurts the wife. We know this because she goes from smiling to "her lips ... limp and wan." There is figurative speech in these words, for we sometimes describe newly dead bodies as "limp and wan" (pale). Rather than giving her life through the gift, the husband has given his wife a taste of death--or at least of illness.

We don't know if John Wayward was the wife's lover or if the husband knows this, but the fact that he wants to inform her of all the morbid details about the box would indicate he does.  

The sewing box becomes a metaphor for death: it is no longer simply a wooden box that holds sewing supplies but the symbol of a dead man.

What are the similarities and differences between Thomas Moore's and Niccolo Machiavelli's humanistic ideas if we consider their...

More and Machiavelli's differing backgrounds gave rise to two distinctive works about politics and governance.

Sir Thomas More was a devout Catholic who served under King Henry VIII in his native England. During the last years of his life, he found himself at odds with his king and benefactor, the inimitable King Henry, who wanted to style himself the head of the new Anglican church. At the time, King Henry's decided purpose was to marry his mistress, Anne Boleyn. More, being a devout Catholic, was incensed that the king would callously put away his devout Catholic queen, Catherine of Aragon. At last, unable to reconcile his political and religious views with that of the king's, Sir Thomas More was beheaded for treason on July 6, 1535. During his years of service to the king, More was ever opposed to the greed and corruption that infected Henry's court. His personal convictions can be seen in his famous work, Utopia, which highlights an imaginary country defined by the common interest and simultaneously governed by secular, humanist values.

In contrast, Niccolo Machiavelli was born during a time when Italy was divided into four rival city-states; then, Italy's political and national viability was threatened by stronger governments in Europe. During his fourteen years as a diplomat after the temporary fall of the ruling Medici family, Machiavelli took the time to hone his political acumen to perfection. His treatise on governance, The Prince, focused on strong leadership amid the vagaries of political turmoil. Machiavelli died in Florence on June 21, 1527. Today, he is known as the father of modern political theory.

Now, we have a context in which to discuss the differences and similarities between Utopia and The Prince.

One of the greatest similarities between More's Utopia and Machiavelli's The Prince is the avowed interest in the necessity for structure in governance. In Utopia, Hythloday describes the city of Amaurot, which structures its government similarly to every other city in Utopia. Accordingly, thirty families appoint a leader, called a Syphogrant; ten Syphogrants are overseen by a Tranibore. All the Syphogrants choose a Prince, who rules for life. Interestingly, in order to prevent the Tranibors from conspiring with the Prince to subjugate the people, Syphogrants are given first authority in any matter concerning the populace.

In The Prince, Machiavelli states that a strong country or acquired principality is always necessarily governed by a monarch. Machiavelli hypothesizes that this method of governance is best for preserving peace and unity in any kingdom. As his treatise is primarily concerned with conquest, the successful rule of new principalities always takes three steps (this can be found in Chapter 5 of The Prince):

1)The complete ruin of the previous societal and political construct must be secured.

2)The new king must occupy his new domain.

3)The king sets up an oligarchy, specially chosen by him and dependent on his graces and patronage. The subjected peoples should also be allowed to live under their own laws.

So, both More and Machiavelli agreed that structure in government was necessary for the preservation of order and unity. They just differed on how the government should be structured. While More proclaimed a government based on equality, Machiavelli was more focused on domination. However like More, Machiavelli also espoused a code of honor among rulers that must never be broken. He cited the grievous example of Agathocles of Syracuse, who rose to power through heinous means. Machiavelli stated that such a ruler could achieve power, but never lasting glory.

Yet it cannot be called talent to slay fellow-citizens, to deceive friends, to be without faith, without mercy, without religion; such methods may gain empire, but not glory.

True, Machiavelli stated that every conquest must be occasioned by violent upheaval, but no newly acquired principality could be successfully ruled by  'barbarous cruelty and inhumanity with infinite wickedness.' In other words, rulers cannot hope to achieve lasting peace in any new domain if he, like Agathocles, will persist in perpetrating gratuitous violence on his new subjects. You can read all about this in Chapter 8 of The Prince. A new prince inspires fear, but never hatred, if he wants his new domain to prosper.

Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hatred; because he can endure very well being feared whilst he is not hated, which will always be as long as he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects and from their women.

One noted difference between Utopia and The Prince is that citizens in Utopia do not own private property. This is significant because More believed that war and violence was often inspired by the wicked ambitions of hegemonic rulers.  In More's ideal society, everyone is equal, and all work equally for the greater good of the society they live in. There is no self-interest, but rather, common interest, which is the prevailing philosophical ideal espoused by all Utopians. In More's treatise, Hythloday states that every Utopian works six hours a day. Both men and women contribute to the common welfare. Hythloday then voices More's position on idle priests, noblemen, and gentlemen, who contribute nothing towards the common good. Instead, they are like parasites, who prosper through the labors of others. In More's utopian kingdom, even rulers like the Syphogrants work. More than anything, these rulers work to set a good example for those they lead.

What is Rip Van Winkle like at the beginning of the story? Where does he go to escape from his life? Why does he like it there?

At the beginning of his sketch "Rip Van Winkle," Washington Irving's narrator lets the reader know that Rip is a rather lazy person who is not interested in working hard.  Furthermore, we see that his wife thinks the same about both him and his dog and best friend, Wolf.  The first time the reader meets Rip, the narrator begins,

he was a simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband. Indeed, to the latter circumstance might be owing that meekness of spirit which gained him such universal popularity; for those men are most apt to be obsequious and conciliating abroad who are under the discipline of shrews at home. Their tempers, doubtless, are rendered pliant and malleable in the fiery furnace of domestic tribulation, and a curtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtues of patience and long-suffering.

From this passage, we can see that his wife has quite a bit of control over him at home, he being a "henpecked husband."  Furthermore, the indication that his spirit is "pliant and malleable" demonstrates his wife's influence over him.  The narrator continues to describe Rip as lazy by noting that 

the great error in Rip’s composition was an insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor.

Though averse to "profitable labor," we are told that he is willing to do work for others:

Rip was ready to attend to anybody’s business but his own; but as to doing family duty, and keeping his farm in order, it was impossible.

Thus, we see Rip at the story's beginning as a kind of lazy but well-meaning man who is married to a rather domineering and disappointed wife.

Because of his domestic situation, Rip (at least at the story's beginning) enjoys spending time at a local public house:

he used to console himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of his majesty George the Third. Here they used to sit in the shade, of a long lazy summer’s day, talking listlessly over village gossip, or telling endless sleepy stories about nothing.

This gathering of "sages, philosophers, and other idle personages" gives Rip the pleasure of society that he does not get at home with his wife and Wolf.  By "talking listlessly" and "telling...stories" about the happenings of the village, the men's club presents a stark contrast to both the labor for himself that Rip abhors and the wife who embodies these demands.

Why does Matt refuse to enter Kira's room in Gathering Blue?

Although Matt is only eight or nine years old, and although he displays a lack of manners consistent with his upbringing in the Fen, he declines to enter Kira's room with her when Jamison ushers them down the corridor. Matt and his dog, Branch, have been allowed by Jamison to enter the Council Edifice because Kira needs his assistance with carrying her personal possessions. When Jamison and Kira enter her room, Matt stops in the hall of his own accord. By way of explanation, he declares, "Me and Branch, we don't go into the room because of the wee buggies." Kira at first thinks he means the beetle Branch was eating, but she realizes it was already consumed and that it couldn't have been described as "wee." Jamison asks Matt what he means, and he clarifies, "Branch got fleas." Jamison shakes his head and thinks it's slightly funny. On a later occasion, when Kira and Thomas prevent Matt from going on the hunt, Thomas scrubs Matt and Branch clean in his bathroom tub. 

What are some of the characteristics of the first Christmas spirit

The first Christmas Spirit is a "strange figure. This spirit has the proportions of a child, but resembles an old man, although there are no wrinkles on its face. Dressed in a tunic of white that is cinched with a glorious belt of a beautiful sheen. The oddest thing about this small spirit is the bright light that jets out from the crown of its head.

Scrooge is amazed when he sees this spirit whose hair is white, but has a face that is without wrinkle and has the bloom of youth on its skin. The spirit's arms are exceptionally long and muscular, and the hands, too, seem uncommonly strong; in one hand is a branch of holly in contrast to the bottom of the tunic that is trimmed with summer flowers. Like the arms, the legs and feet are bare. Under the one arm is an extinguisher for a cap, to cover the light emanating from its head.
Then, when Scrooge examines the belt, he notices that one area lights up, then another and the first area is dark so that the spirit seems to be dissolving in one place and reappearing in another. Then, the spirit would appear whole again. 
When Scrooge asks this strange spirit if it is the one he has been told to expect, and the spirit affirms that it is: "I am the Ghost of Christmas Past." 

What are some of Thomas Jefferson's failures?

Thomas Jefferson is generally viewed as a very good or even great president. However, there were some shortcomings or failures during his presidency.

One of the failures is that Jefferson owned slaves and didn’t try to bring slavery to an end. It was inconsistent with his words in the Declaration of Independence about all men being equal. As president, Jefferson had the opportunity to try to do something about slavery, but he did nothing to try to end slavery.

Jefferson also wasn’t successful in dealing with Great Britain and France interfering with our trade. Great Britain and France were in a war, and they wanted to prevent American goods from reaching their enemy. As a result, each country seized our ships that were heading to their rival. Great Britain seized our ships heading to France while France seized our ships heading to Great Britain. Great Britain also impressed our sailors. Our response was to initially stop all trading with other countries by passing the Embargo Act of 1807. Jefferson was trying to avoid the United States getting dragged into this conflict between Great Britain and France. The Embargo Act of 1807 was a complete failure because our economy depended on trade. The Non-Intercourse Act was passed in 1809 that said we would trade with others, but not with Great Britain or France. We did leave the door open to trading with Great Britain or France if either country agreed to leave our shipping alone. However, so much of our trade was with Great Britain and France, this action also failed.

While Jefferson was mostly successful as our President, there were a few failures that existed.

What were the main obstacles to Reconstruction?

By far the biggest obstacle to Reconstruction was the opposition of white Southerners. Almost immediately after the war, whites in the South formed vigilante groups to terrorize freedmen and passed legislation aimed at preserving the racial order in the South. These so-called "black codes" ended with the advent of congressional Reconstruction, as radicals in Congress secured laws and eventually the Fifteenth Amendment that guaranteed suffrage to African-Americans. This was a major advance, but still in many states "redeemer" Democrats were able to seize control of legislatures as early as 1870. Throughout the South, Reconstruction was always hindered by violence and the threat of violence. Bloody "race riots" in which white mobs attacked African-Americans occurred throughout the South, most infamously in Memphis and New Orleans in 1866 and Colfax, Louisiana in 1873. Federal legislation in the form of the Ku Klux Klan Acts helped to limit the activities of terrorist organizations, but they proved difficult to enforce in the long run, and white racism and violence proved to be a major force in returning white Democratic governments to power throughout the South.

Perhaps the other most important factor hindering Reconstruction was the unwillingness of most in the federal government to enact land reform. Aside from a few isolated experiments like the "40 acres and a mule" promise in the Sea Islands of Georgia, neither the US Army nor the federal government showed any stomach for confiscating the lands of slaveholders and redistributing them to the people who had worked them. Rather, the federal government, through the Freedmen's Bureau, sought to broker labor contracts between freedmen and landowners. Over time these contracts became sharecropper arrangements, and this system mired most African-American farmers in debt and poverty. Even most Radicals believed only in "free labor," and they held property rights, even of former rebels, to be sacrosanct when it came to land redistribution. As a result, African-Americans gained limited political freedoms, but the vast majority lacked economic security. 

What part of the US economy improved due to the War of 1812?

This question seems to be referring to the rapid growth of manufacturing in the Northeast that followed the War of 1812. During that war (and for some time before due to an American embargo) the United States was cut off from trade goods from Great Britain, the adversary of the United States in the conflict. This was very harmful to New England merchants, those in the importing business who could no longer bring in British manufactured goods. They bitterly opposed the war as a result. However, the war made many in the region put their money into new economic pursuits, primarily manufacturing. The aftermath of the war witnessed the explosion of the textile industry in particular in New England. In the years that followed, this industry continued to grow at a rapid rate, and the plantation economy of the South, which supplied the textile mills with cotton, grew more or less concurrently. Other industries developed rapidly as well as the United States rushed into the Industrial Revolution and began to transform into a market economy.

Sources of energy other than fossil fuels are called __________ energy sources?

The word you are searching for to fill in the blank is "alternative."  Alternative energy sources are renewable energy sources that do not have fossil fuels as their origination point.  As the world's supply of fossil fuels dwindles, it is necessary and imperative that we develop alternative energy sources that will continue to supply the energy we need.  The current list of alternative energy sources are hydroelectric, wind, solar, nuclear, geothermal, and biomass.  Each of these have their independence of fossil fuels to declare as a strength.  A drawback would be they are dependent on an abundance of the raw material they require to manufacture the energy.  For example, hydroelectric power requires a steady supply of flowing water.  Wind power requires a constant supply of wind to work.  Solar power requires a bright sunny day every day.  Nuclear power produces dangerous radioactive waste.  Biomass doesn't deliver as much thermal energy per unit as does current fossil fuel.  While making progress in relying on alternative energy sources, we still have much to do to produce an effective replacement for fossil fuels in energy production.

What were some examples of Unitarinism in A Christmas Carol?

Charles Dickens was a member of the Unitarian Universalist church, having converted from the traditional Anglican church when he was in his 30s. In the nineteenth century, the Unitarian Universalist church believed strongly in helping others, social justice, avoiding materialism, and focusing on doing things to make the world a better place.

In A Christmas Carol, Dickens used Scrooge’s transformation to reflect a man changed from a selfish, money-loving, intolerant miser into a kind, generous humanitarian. He is completely different from the “bah humbug” Scrooge at the beginning of the story:

“I am as light as a feather, I am as happy as an angel, I am as merry as a school-boy. I am as giddy as a drunken man. A merry Christmas to every-body! A happy New Year to all the world! Hallo here! Whoop! Hallo!”

Scrooge learns to focus on being a good human being by noticing the needs of others, fulfilling them when he can. He became a well-respected, even loved member of the community.

He begins by anonymously sending the Cratchits a large Christmas goose and delighting in thinking about the happiness he will give the family. Later he walks the streets, wishing people well:

“He dressed himself all in his best, and at last got out into the streets. The people were by this time pouring forth, as he had seen them with the Ghost of Christmas Present; and walking with his hands behind him, Scrooge regarded every one with a delighted smile. He looked so irresistibly pleasant, in a word, that three or four good-humoured fellows said, ‘Good morning, sir! A merry Christmas to you!’”

He has learned to put people before money and objects, a main tenant of Unitarian beliefs.

When he sees the portly gentleman who had visited his office the day before asking for charitable donations, Scrooge pledges a large sum of money: “A great many back payments are included in it, I assure you,” he explains to the man. Instead of wanting people to die to "decrease the surplus population,” Scrooge now wants to support charitable causes to help those in need.

He also visits the nephew he scorned at the beginning of the book and humbly asks for forgiveness. And finally, he gives Bob Cratchit a raise and better working conditions. He also becomes a friend to Cratchit and the entire Cratchit family. In short, he becomes a better human being:

“He did it all, and infinitely more; and to Tiny Tim, who did not die, he was a second father. He became as good a friend, as good a master, and as good a man, as the good old city knew, or any other good old city, town, or borough, in the good old world.”

What is the procedure involved in using a digital thermometer to read the temperature of a person?

There are two main types of digital thermometers used to measure the temperature of a person. The procedure will vary based on the type which you are using.

One type is designed to be placed under the tongue. The thermometer should first be sterilized (by washing then wiping with an alcohol wipe) or encased in a sterile plastic sleeve (if available). The metal tip of the thermometer is then placed under the tongue and the button is pressed. The thermometer will beep when it is time to remove it from under the tongue and read the temperature from the digital display. The plastic sleeve should then be properly discarded (if used) and the thermometer should be sterilized again.

The second type of thermometer is designed to be placed into the ear. The thermometer should be cleaned and sterilized, and a plastic sleeve applied to the tip (if available). The button is pressed and this type of device will also beep when it is time to remove it and read the temperature. Dispose of the plastic sleeve and clean the thermometer.

Please note: Do not share under-tongue thermometers if you don't have the necessary supplies to sterilize them between users. This can spread germs. Alternatively you could rinse with soap and water between users and only hold the thermometer in the armpit to get a reading. This is less accurate but much less likely to spread colds.

Are the last five lines of the poem "I'm explaining a few things" by Neruda more effective in English or Spanish?

This is a great question, which has as much to do with pragmatics and semantics as with the formation of the words and the effectiveness with which they command the attention of the reader. 

The study of "pragmatics" refers to the appropriate use of language in different contexts. In this case, the final sentences of the poem (in English) are: 

Come and see the blood in the streets.
Come and see
The blood in the streets.
Come and see the blood
In the streets! 

This is a call to action from the author to the readers, inviting them to see why he refuses to write about allegorical things, flowers, love, and other beauties. There is a bloody civil war going on; one which even killed Neruda's best friend, Federico Garcia Lorca. People are being killed everywhere, and there is no reason to appeal to the senses. Life is too cruel as it is. 

Form: Enjambment or "encabalgamiento"

Take a look at the Spanish version of the poem, and then look at the English version, again. Notice how the verses have been arranged in a specific way so that the reader can focus on what Neruda wants them to visualize. I darkened the first phrase, and italicized the second phrase, so that you can see how he breaks them down in the stanza. It happens the same in both languages. 

Venid a ver la sangre por las calles,
venid a ver
la sangre por las calles,
venid a ver la sangre
por las calles!

The poet uses this repetition in verse and in a variety of structures with double enjambment in a way that it matches what would be the rhythm of the noises heard in the streets when people scream, find a body, call for help, and hear emergency sirens blasting everywhere.

This enjambment also switches the message across. It says many messages in just one stanza that repeats verses. It mainly says the following sentences:

"Hey! Go look at the blood in the streets!" "Go look!"  "The blood!" "The streets!", "Go look at the blood!"

Fortunately, this was not lost in translation and it makes the poem work equally in both languages, creating the same sense of confusion, tension, and sadness. 

Perhaps this is the tragedy of it all: War is universal, and death is universal. The language of war and death are sadly understood, no matter how they are spoken. One small phrase, such as "go and look at the streets", carries a lot of weight when it is referring to conflict and battle. This is a way to demonstrate the incredible way in which words reflect the psyche of the times when they are spoken.

Therefore, the poem is equally effective in both English and Spanish. Neruda is so honest, transparent and powerful in his use of language that he could write anything, and the meaning will transfer from one language system to another, thanks to the richness of the theme. 

In Goodrich and Hackett's "The Diary of Anne Frank," why is Mr. Frank a logical choice as leader of the secret annex?

Mr. Frank is the leader in the annex because the hiding place exists above his business. Miep, Mr. Kraler, and others who help those in hiding are Mr. Frank's business associates. He, with their help, put the whole concept of living above the warehouse in the hidden loft together for the benefit of the others. Mr. Frank and friends are the ones who made the plans to move food and supplies into the hiding place months before the families are forced to leave their lives behind. Mr. Frank is also a very calm and respected gentleman who is not easily offended. He is kind and accommodating to the needs of his guests and their helpers. He is smart, organized, and has saved money to help them survive for a very long time. Mr. Van Daan wouldn't be a good leader because he is too selfish and easily provoked to anger. Mr. Dussel comes in a few months later as a guest; therefore, he doesn't have any standing to be the leader anyway. Mr. Frank, then, is the best possible choice and he takes his duty as host to all of his guests very seriously. 

In an electric circuit when electrons move from low to high potential, will they gain energy or lose energy?

They will gain energy.  The general flow of electrons in an electrical circuit is from the low potential to the high potential.  To do this, they can't help but absorb some energy as they shift positions in the various stages of the circuit.  At the point where the electrons start their journey through the circuit, the potential is low.  The energy accompanying these electrons is low as well.  As they travel through the conducting material of the circuit, the electrons pick up energy as they travel.  They finally max out at the top of the electrical potential spectrum as they arrive back at the power source in the high potential terminal.  Electrons are negative in charge, so they flow from the negative terminal of the battery, which is usually on the bottom, through the circuit, and on their way to the positive terminal, which is on top.  While they accomplish this journey, they accomplish some sort of work, such as heating a filament in a light bulb, which causes it to glow and give off light.

On the last day of school in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, how does Jem let Scout know he is angry with her?

In Chapter 4 of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, the day that Dill returns to spend his second summer in Maycomb, Scout, Dill, and Jem begin their summer by conversing about supernatural myths, which leads to Scout saying something that angers Jem.

The subject of conversation particularly turns to death and Hot Steams. When asked, Jem explains to Dill that a Hot Steam is a patch of warmth on a "lonesome road" that is actually the soul of a person "who can't get to heaven." Jem further expounds that "if you walk through him, when you die you'll be one too, an' you'll go around at night suckin' people's breath--." Jem continues to have fun spooking Dill by also disclosing that if you have to walk through a Hot Steam, you chant, "Angel-bright, life-in-death; get off the road, don't suck my breath," in order to keep the spirit at bay. At this point in the conversation, Scout stops Jem from further spooking Dill by warning Dill not to believe anything Jem is saying, stating, "Calpurnia says that's nigger-talk."

Jem scowls at Scout, which is the first point of evidence proving Jem had been angered by Scout calling his myth "nigger-talk." But, Scout doesn't realize Jem was angered until they begin playing with the old tire. It's Scout's idea to roll around in the tire, and when Jem pushes Scout in the tire "down the sidewalk with all the force of his body," Scout finally realizes just how angry she had made Jem. The tire is moving so fast that she is unable to stop it. The tire rolls right down the sidewalk to the porch of the Radley Place, where it finally comes to a stop, dumping a "dizzy and nauseated" Scout onto the walkway leading up to the house.

In To Kill a Mockingbird, how did Miss Maudie react to the events of the trial?

Miss Maudie, who does not attend the trial because she knows too well the prejudices of her town, is, nevertheless, impressed with the defense which Atticus offers on behalf of Tom Robinson.

Not one to gossip, Miss Maudie makes no comments on the trial as it goes on; however, she does remark upon it when she comes to the house for Aunt Alexandra's Missionary Tea. For, after Atticus comes home and informs his family that Tom has been shot as he tried to escape, Aunt Alexandra becomes distraught and speaks to Miss Maudie, asking her what more the town wants from him:

"...they're perfectly willing to let him wreck his health doing what they're afraid to do, they're--"

"Be quiet, they'll hear you," said Miss Maudie. "....Whether Maycomb knows it or not, we're paying the highest tribute we can pay a man. We trust him to do right. It's that simple."

Aunt Alexandra asks who these people are, and Miss Maudie replies,

"The handful of people in this town who say that fair play is not marked White Only; the handful of people who say a fair trail is for everybody, not just us....that's who they are."

From these remarks, therefore, the reader can infer that Miss Maudie is disgusted with many of the folks living in Maycomb who would afford the Ewells any credibility simply because they are white and Tom Robinson is black. And, she is repulsed by those who make a sacrificial victim of Tom simply to keep the status quo, despite the strong and righteous defense that Atticus has provided Tom. When she hears of Tom's death, she is sorry both for Tom and for Atticus, who made every effort on the unfortunate man's behalf.

What is a critical appreciation of Three Men in a Boat by Jerome?

A critical appreciation assesses the value of a book and upholds the work’s strengths and good qualities. While Three Men in a Boat is a humorous and fictional modern-day travelogue that follows a small group of friends along the River Thames for three days, it is otherwise and at its core – like Seinfeld on American TV – a show about nothing. No major mishaps or challenges occur. The characters don’t seem to change much from beginning to end. If it had been just the telling of the benign trip, it would have made for lackluster writing and boring reading. But not with Jerome K. Jerome at the helm. He, in the guise of narrator J., knows the landscape well enough to call up histories or past tales of the sites they pass. He is quick to step aside and onto seemingly relevant tangents of personal stories that range from the awkward to the absurd. Somehow his blend of past and present examples of very human behavior come together to make this book one of the most amusing adventures you are apt to pick up. Nearly every chapter has a laugh-out-loud moment, even more than a century after the manuscript was first written. Three Men in a Boat may be one of the best books you’ve never heard of.

Could the reader predict that Jem fought Bob Ewell at the end of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, and if so where is it located in the text?

In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, the reader could predict an attack from Bob Ewell after reading Chapter 27, but not that Jem would fight him. At the beginning of Chapter 27, Scout mentions three things that Bob Ewell does that indirectly concerns their family. Bob Ewell loses his job, attempts to break into Judge Taylor's house, and threatens Helen Robinson. Harper Lee uses these incidents to foreshadow his attack. At the end of Chapter 27, Scout practices her part in the Maycomb Pageant and says, "After that, it didn't matter whether we went or not. Jem said he would take me. Thus began our longest journey together." (Lee 340) The reader can predict that something dramatic will happen that involves Jem and Scout. The fact that Scout mentions that Jem would "take her," and they would embark on the journey "together" suggests that Jem could possibly take on a leading role in the climax of the novel. Nowhere in the text does it directly mention or foreshadow Jem fighting Bob Ewell. Lee uses imagery in the text to set the mood of the spooky, dark Haloween night and the reader can sense that something ominous will happen. Bob's attack is rather sudden and Jem yells for Scout to run. Even during the attack scene, it is not obvious to the reader that Jem is fighting Bob Ewell. Harper Lee uses Scout's confused state of mind to leave the reader wondering what actually happened in the midst of the attack. Later on in the novel, Lee reveals that Boo Radley came to the defense of the children and stabbed Bob Ewell while Jem was injured.  

For maximum protection, a car radiator needs 7 parts antifreeze to 3 parts distilled water. If the radiator will hold 21 L of the mixture, how much...

Hello!

This problem is relatively simple.

If the radiator is filled with 7 (equal) parts of antifreeze and 3 parts of distilled water (these parts have the same volume as parts of antifreeze), then there are 7+3=10 equal parts. And they together make 21 L. Therefore each part has a volume of (21 L) / 10 = 2.1 L.

Now we can easily find the volume of antifreeze and water: 7*2.1 L = 14.7 L of antifreeze and 3*2.1 L = 6.3 L of water.

The answer: 14.7 L of antifreeze will be needed, 6.3 L of water will be needed.

What was the Tet Offensive?

The Tet Offensive was a major attack that was launched by the United States’ enemies in the Vietnam War.  This offensive happened early in 1968.  It was one of the major events that helped reduce American support for the war.

By 1968, the US was fighting against the Viet Cong (communist insurgents in South Vietnam) and against the military of communist North Vietnam.  The US had been heavily involved in the war since 1964 and Americans wanted results.  The government assured the public that the US was close to victory in Vietnam.

In Vietnam, people celebrate the lunar new year (as Chinese do) rather than the solar New Year like Americans do.  Tet is the Vietnamese word that refers to the lunar New Year festival.  It is the biggest festival of the year.  During Tet of 1968, the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese launched a series of coordinated attacks around the country.  The attacks were successful at first, but the US and the South Vietnamese eventually beat them back, regaining all lost territory and inflicting huge losses on the enemy.

However, the offensive made it clear that the US was not as close to victory as the government had claimed it was.  As the American public watched coverage of the Tet Offensive, they came to realize this and more Americans turned against the government’s policy.  This helped reduce American support for the Vietnam War and it led directly to President Johnson’s decision not to run for reelection in 1968.  Thus, the Tet Offensive was one of the most important events of the Vietnam War.

What is the Bill of Rights?

The Bill of Rights refers to the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.  The first national elections for the new government occurred in 1789.  One of the priorities for the new federal government was to amend the Constitution.  Several of the colonies ratified the document on the condition such amendments would be instituted to protect the individual liberties of the citizen.  Therefore, 17 amendments were passed by the House of Representatives and 12 of those passed the Senate.  The amendments were sent to the states for ratification, and ten were ratified quickly gaining the final vote in Virginia in 1791.  These amendments became known as the Bill of Rights.

A brief overview of the Bill of Rights:

1st - Freedom of speech, the press, religion, assembly and the right to petition the government.

2nd - Right to bear arms.

3rd - Government cannot house the military in civilian housing without compensation.

4th - Protects against unreasonable search and seizure.  Requires warrants must be issued only with probable cause and naming the items to be seized.

5th - Protection against trail without indictment, double jeopardy, self-incrimination and property seizure.

6th - Guarantees the right to a speedy trial, informed of the charges, the right to confront your accuser, ability to call witnesses and obtain legal counsel.

7th - Provides for the right to a trial by jury.

8th - Protection against excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment.

9th - Prevents the rights granted by the Constitution from infringing upon other rights.

10th - All powers not reserved by the federal government will belong to the states.