The Big Five Personality test measures five general aspects of a person's personality. These are extroversion (or introversion), neuroticism (or lack thereof), (dis)agreeableness, how conscientious someone is, and how open to new experience they may be. The idea behind this is that though many factors make up a person's personality, these general traits can account for much of the variation in personality.
The test functions by having the test-taker rate how much they agree with certain statements, on a scale from "totally disagree" to "totally agree." The test encourages the test-taker to evaluate their thoughts and feelings and how they react in certain situations. It accounts for emotional, social, and ideological elements of person's personality by piecing together the data from several questions.
Though the test seeks to "measure" how much one does or does not fit on a spectrum, it doesn't really measure anything quantifiable. The end result describes a qualitative personality type.
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