1. What are some alternatives to Freud’s focus on childhood sexuality that might also explain adult psychological difficulties? 2. Freud’s view...

Over the years, numerous theories about children and adult psychology have developed. One popular theory is Freud’s theory about childhood sexuality influencing adults; however, other theories also have formed that explain child development.

Some alternative theories to Freud’s theories include Vygotsky’s theories and the Behaviorism theory. Vygotsky believed that children develop their “Zone of Proximal Development” or “ZPD” (their level of ability) by learning through a process termed “scaffolding.” With this, children reach higher levels of development through interaction with others on a higher ZPD level (such as parents or teachers). According to this theory, if children have proper scaffolding, they can develop into productive individuals. On the other hand, Behaviorism illustrates that children develop based on the behaviors that are allowed and encouraged (such as through positive and negative reinforcement). According to this theory, children need correct behavior enforced to become beneficial adults.

Although these two theories are not as focused on sexuality, they reveal alternate perspectives about the development of adult sexuality. For example, with proper scaffolding, children can become beneficial and well-rounded adults (sexuality included) according to Vygotsky. Furthermore, with Behaviorism, if children experience beneficial positive and negative reinforcement, they would become sexually healthy adults as well. However, without the reinforcement, repercussions, such as a non-healthy sexual life could occur.

As a result of Freud’s background in Vienna, many scholars have speculated about how it impacted his theories. However, his theories are still being applied and analyzed by scholars today. Although most scholars reject aspects of his theories, they still use many of the basic components to speculate and create new theories today. Thus, although some scholars may avoid aspects of his theories today, they are still praised and utilized by many modern psychologists.

Sources

Santrock, John W. Children. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print.