Describe the atmosphere and the environment in "The Pedestrian".

The setting of “The Pedestrian” by Ray Bradbury takes place in a large city of three million people in the year 2053.  Leonard Mead, the protagonist, is alone walking the streets of the deserted town to “get some air” and just to enjoy the exercise and sites.  There are no other pedestrians because, in this society, everyone spends their time watching TV in their homes.  Bradbury sets up an atmosphere of loneliness and isolation for Meade as he walks the streets.  It is nighttime, and all the houses and buildings are dark because people are like zombies watching TV.  When Mead is arrested for being a pedestrian and not having a job or wife (that would explain why he is walking), the only police car in the city drives by his house that is brightly illuminated, a symbol that he is different from other residents. 

Bradbury sets up the mood and environment with his use of descriptions and words like “dark”, “lonely”, and “silent” to convey the message of how this society has regressed into isolation and is controlled by its need for constant entertainment.  He describes the streets and homes as a “graveyard” with “phantoms” in their homes.  This theme of mindless existence by a society who has forgotten how to live life runs through many of Bradbury’s stories.

How do the skeletal system and muscular systems interact? What is the function of joints in this relationship?

Simply put, the muscles of the muscular system move the bones of the skeletal system.

Bones come together at joints. Skeletal muscle is connected to the bones. Motor neurons connect to individual muscle fibers. Electrical signals, or nerve impulses that are known as action potentials, from the motor neurons cause the muscles to contract. When a muscle contracts, connective tissue at the joint draws the connected bone in the position that is dictated by the structure of the joint to which the moving bones are attached.

Examples of different types of joints and the movements that they allow for are identified below.

•  Ball-and-socket joints consisted of a ball-shaped head that is held within a cavity. Ball-and-socket joints allow for a range of motion like no other type of joint. The hip and should consist of ball-and-socket joints.


•  Gliding joints are flat at the point of intersection. The allow for a back-and-forth motion or a twisting motion. The wrist and ankle are composed of gliding joints.


•  In a hinge joint, the convex end of one bone fits into the concave end of another. Bones are able to flex in only one plane, such as the elbow.


•  A pivot joint is made by the cylindrical end of one bone fitting into a ring-like formation of another bone. Movement occurs around a central axis, such as the movement of the neck.

Is there anything strange or ironic about Antigone being represented as a mother?

Antigone was not married and had no children. She is engaged to be married to Creon's son, Haemon, but because she is sentenced to death and ends up killing herself, Creon has taken away her chance to be a mother. When she is first presented to Creon and the guard describes her in terms of a mother bird wailing because its nest was empty, the description has some irony. The better picture would have been a fellow nestling bird crying when its brother falls to earth and dies, or something similar, because she was crying for her brother, not for her children. However, there is a sense in which Antigone repeats the shame and agony of her own mother in this play, and she refers to it herself several times. She feels she is cursed by the twisted relationship of her parents--her mother married her own son, and Antigone and her siblings were the products of that union. So Antigone's anguish echoes the anguish of her mother. Later, Antigone states that if she had been a mother and this was her son who was unburied rather than her brother, she would not have risked her life this way because she would be able to have another child. But since her parents are both dead, there is no way she can ever have another brother to replace Polyneices, so her sacrifice was appropriate. So it is strange and ironic to compare Antigone to a mother bird, but it helps carry through the idea of the family curse that Antigone's mother brought on her.

In "Thank You, M'am," what is Mrs. Jones' motivation?

Teaching Roger life lessons is Mrs. Jones's motivation.

Mrs. Jones is motivated by wanting to provide instruction to Roger.  When Roger's attempt to rob her fails because he falls flat on his back with his legs in the air, Mrs. Jones prevents any effort at escape by delivering a swift kick "right square in his blue-jeaned sitter." Not mentioning police, she drags him bodily home with her

  After that the woman said, “Pick up my pocketbook, boy, and give it here.” She still held him. But she bent down enough to permit him to stoop and pick up her purse. Then she said, “Now ain’t you ashamed of yourself?”
  Firmly gripped by his shirt front, the boy said, “Yes’m.”
  The woman said, “What did you want to do it for?”
  The boy said, “I didn’t aim to.”
  She said, “You a lie!”
  By that time two or three people passed, stopped, turned to look, and some stood watching.
  “If I turn you loose, will you run?” asked the woman.
  “Yes’m,” said the boy.

When Mrs. Jones takes Roger to her home, she provides instruction on a variety of levels.  She instructs him on the importance of personal hygiene: She makes him wash his face.  Mrs. Jones teaches Roger the lesson that others have suffered from want because of limits on money, and that not everyone wins out over temptation: 

The woman was sitting on the day-bed. After a while she said, "I were young once and I wanted things I could not get." ... The woman said, “Um-hum! You thought I was going to say but, didn’t you? You thought I was going to say, but I didn’t snatch people’s pocketbooks. Well, I wasn’t going to say that.” Pause. Silence. “I have done things, too, which I would not tell you, son—neither tell God, if he didn’t already know." 

Mrs. Jones is motivated by compassion because his actions are not unfamiliar to her: She has at one in her life behaved the way Roger has behaved.  Finally, Mrs. Jones is motivated by wanting Roger to learn before it is too late the ultimate lesson of the need to live a better life.  

When Mrs. Jones leaves Roger in the hallway with the stern warning of "Behave yourself, boy!" it is clear that Roger has learned the lessons Mrs. Jones was motivated to provide, lessons founded in understanding and compassion and mercy. 

  The boy wanted to say something else other than “Thank you, m’am” to Mrs. Luella Bates Washington Jones, but he couldn’t do so as he turned at the barren stoop and looked back at the large woman in the door. He barely managed to say “Thank you” before she shut the door.

from an observation point the angles of depression of two boats in line with this point are found to 30° and 45°. find the distance between the...

Form a right triangle ABC  with the given information, such that

AB = height of the point of observation = `4000f`

BC=distance from the foot of the point to the first boat= `x` , `/_` ACB = `45^0`

Produce BC to D, such that `/_` ADB = `30^0`   , and DC =distance between two boats= `d m `

Now we evaluate these values by using trigonometric functions.

In `Delta` ABC

`tan 45^0 = (AB)/(BC) `

`1 = 4000/x `

`therefore x = 4000 `

In `Delta`ADB

`tan 30^0 = 4000/(x+d) `

`1/sqrt3 = 4000/(x+d) `

`x+d = 4000sqrt3 `

by substituting `x` value, we get 

`4000 + d = 4000sqrt3 `

`d = 4000(sqrt3 - 1) = 2928.4 f `

`therefore` the boats are `2928.4 f` apart.

What happened as a result of the Embargo Act of 1807?

The Embargo Act was intended to put pressure on the British government to halt its policy of impressment, or seizing American sailors to serve on British ships. The embargo was an almost total disaster. It had very little negative effect on Great Britain (and was generally supported by France, even though the embargo also applied to them). It had a negative effect on the American economy, hurting merchants and manufacturers. These effects, of course, fell hardest on the urban working classes of the Northeast. Thousands were put out of work, leading to unrest in port cities like Boston, Newport, and New York. This, in turn, led to fierce opposition by Federalists in the region, which continued through the War of 1812. Along with that war, the Embargo Act contributed to the rise of manufacturing in the Northeast. Businessmen, unable to employ their capital in trade, turned to manufacturing ventures. So the effects of the embargo are complex, and its long term impacts were really only realized in the aftermath of the War of 1812.

At what point in the story does the reader begin to figure out what the Place of Gods is in "By the Waters of Babylon"?

Almost immediately, Benet gives his readers hints as to what is going on in the Dead Place or the Place of the Gods.  When he mentions the metal that only a priest can touch because it kills, the reader is given a clue to solve the mystery of what happened to this society of the Gods. The answer to why metal kills is that the metal is radioactive and, therefore, will kill someone touching it with radiation poisoning. This suggests that the Dead Place was once the site of a nuclear war, or, as the narrator calls it, the Great Burning. John, the narrator, later calls it the place where “fire fell from the sky." It was then that the Place of the Gods was “broken.”

However, if a reader is still uncertain about the Place of the Gods, Benet gives clues throughout the story. Here are some clues:

• The narrator, John, is allowed to go into the dead houses where he discovers skeletons and bones while searching for metal. It is there that he reads old books and old writings. He likes to “hear of the Old Days and the stories of the gods.”


• The tribe in which the narrator lives is primitive and doesn’t have modern-day technology. For example, women still spin wool. This suggests that the tribe of Forest People are more backward than the people of the “Old Days” who used metal.


• On his journey, John sees “god-roads” with great blocks of stones suggesting a freeway system and bridges.


• When John gets to the Place of the Gods, he sees buildings “too big to be houses.” These "towers” are skyscrapers in a city.


• John also sees a statue in the image of man with the word “ASHING,” meaning “Washington."


• John also finds that the Gods got their food from “boxes and jars,” and they didn’t have to hunt for food like John’s tribe. Again, this suggests a more advanced society once lived in there in the past. 


• There are also elevators—“a bronze door that could not be opened.”


• There are high rise apartments with appliances (a “cooking place," a “washing place”, “a machine to cook food”) and many rooms.

If one is a good detective while one reads, all of these images and clues put together show that the Place of the Gods was once a modern, advanced city devastated by a nuclear war in the past. John and his tribe represent a new society that is in the process of rebuilding itself.

What passages in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird help develop the themes of maturation and loss of innocence?

In Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, Chapter 11 is one chapter full of passages concerning the themes of maturation and loss of innocence.

Scout opens this chapter by explaining how much she and Jem had grown since the start of the story. They had grown so much that they had set aside their desires to vex Boo Radley and instead became focused on wanting to venture into the business side of Maycomb, especially to meet their father on his way home from work. The difficulty is that they had to pass the house of Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose, recognized as the meanest old woman in town, to get to the business side of Maycomb. The very fact that they feel brave enough to attempt the journey shows us how much they have grown, for, as Scout narrates, "Previous minor encounters with her left me with no desire for more, but Jem said I had to grow up some time" (Ch. 11).

Passages concerning Jem particularly capture the themes of maturation and loss of innocence. With each passing day, based on his father's advice, Jem is able to accept like a gentleman the insults Mrs. Dubose hurls at the children as they walk past, with his head held high, showing his maturity. However, Jem goes berserk the day Mrs. Dubose makes the racist comment, "Your father's no better than the niggers and trash he works for!" (Ch. 11). Mrs. Dubose's racist comment serves to show just how much Scout and Jem are being subjected to the evils of the world, such as racism, which shows they are losing their innocence. In response to her racist insult of his father, Jem whacks off every white camellia flower in Mrs. Dubose's garden, a retaliation that further shows just how much Jem is losing his innocence.

The aftermath of Jem's deed further develops the theme of maturation. Jem is sent to Mrs. Dubose's to apologize, who asks Jem to start coming to her home every day to read to her. Jem shows a great deal of bravery in reading to the ill Mrs. Dubose, who undergoes a series of physical fits each time he is there. Finally, upon her death, Atticus makes the surprising statement that he saw Mrs. Dubose as a "great lady" and the "bravest person [he] ever knew" (Ch. 11). As Atticus explains to Jem, Mrs. Dubose had been a morphine addict because she had been prescribed morphine for years to treat the pain from her sickness. Though taking morphine was justifiable, Mrs. Dubose decided that she wanted to die free of the addiction because she wanted to "leave this world beholden to nothing and nobody"; therefore, she had asked Jem to read to her to help distract her from her pain and withdrawal symptoms. Due to Atticus's explanation, soon, Jem is able to see Mrs. Dubose as not just a mean old lady but as a very brave person whose bravery is worth emulating, showing us just how much Jem matured from his experience with her.

"They say we're too young to amount to anything else, but look around. We worked too damn hard for this to just give up now." What literary term...

This opening line from the song "She Looks so Perfect" by the band, 5 Seconds of Summer, when taken out of context does not appear to present any obvious literary device. However, if you look at the context of the entire song, as well as the context of the speaker (here the lead singer), you could consider this line to be ironic.

First, the speaker is very young, in his early 20s. By almost any standard of age and life-experience, this speaker has not reached an age where he would be considered "wise," or even particularly well experienced in life. The opening line admits this with "They say we're too young to amount to anything else." At face value, this is commonly accepted by older adults as true.

But then he argues with this point by suggesting that in this relationship, the two people involved have worked "too damn hard to give up now." From an older and more experienced adult perspective, it is difficult to define a young 20-something love relationship as something that includes a great amount of difficulty. Therefore, this line could be considered situational irony. It is almost like these are meant to be words of experience and wisdom, coming from the mouth of a young person who lacks both.

Finally, and a bit more simply, given that the rest of the song seems to outline a story of a breakup, this line could also be considered foreshadowing.

How can I personify a tennis ball? (I know how and what personification is but I need help using a tennis ball)

Some familiarity with the game of tennis should assist you in imagining the interaction of a tennis ball with the player who handles it and the racquet. Just use your imagination. For example, you could create a monologue with the tennis ball describing its feelings.

Perhaps you could start out with the ball being inside a players bag. 

"Well, I wonder where we are going today? Hopefully, the ride won't be long; I'm claustrophobic and there is no light in this stupid bag!...Okay, he is slowing down the car...I hear the trunk opening; we're here--wherever "here" is, anyway."

[Some time passes and the player finally goes onto a court]

"Okay, finally some sunshine! Oh, no. Jack has his racquet restrung for this match. I'm going to be so sore from this match! Well, here we go."

"Ouch! That smarts! Jack, take it easy, we are just warming up....Ooh, I see a pretty orange something over there. Hi, sweetheart! oomph! I'll be---baaaaccck. Dddon't go aaaawwwaaay!"

____________________

Another approach to personification of a tennis ball is in describing what it does. For instance, the ball may punch the opponent's racquet, or be slapped by the racquet.

Where do the characters show wisdom?

To Kill A Mockingbird is a great story where the principal characters often show great wisdom.

One of the most memorable lines in the novel comes from Atticus:

The one place where a man ought to get a square deal is in a courtroom, be he any color of the rainbow, but people have a way of carrying their resentments right into a jury box. As you grow older, you’ll see white men cheat black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something and don’t you forget it— whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash.

Atticus stands ready to defend Tom Robinson even though he knows that his decision will never win the support of the Maycomb populace. Nevertheless, his unswerving faithfulness to his conscience crowns his actions with dignity and wisdom. He is single-minded in the face of public displeasure. Because of his words of wisdom, Scout later arrives at her own wisdom regarding Boo Radley:

Atticus was right. One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them. Just standing on the Radley porch was enough.

After Boo Radley saves Jem from Bob Ewell, Scout comes to realize that she has unfairly judged her shy neighbor. Boo Radley has always been in the background, retiring and mysterious, but when it counts the most, he is there for both Jem and Scout. Like her father, Scout has learned the wisdom of understanding and self-awareness. Her new-found wisdom allows her to leave her fears behind and to walk Boo Radley home with grace and acceptance after Boo visits with Jem.

Jem, young as he is, also demonstrates wisdom in the story. Although often brash and mercurial as only a big brother can be, he displays surprising tenderness towards his sister after the Maycomb jail episode. When men come ready to lynch Tom Robinson, Jem resolutely stands beside his father and refuses to go home. He disobeys Atticus' direct order and remains faithfully by his side. Even though it is Scout who ultimately defuses the situation with her innocent banter, it is Jem who comforts her when she later realizes the full impact of the evening's tension-laden drama.

Jem took me to his room and put me in bed beside him. "Try to go to sleep," he said, "It'll be all over after tomorrow, maybe."

The full meaning of the night's events hit me and I began crying. Jem was awfully nice about it: for once, he didn't remind me that people nearly nine years old didn't do things like that.

Jem exhibits great wisdom in staying with his father during the jail incident; instinctively, he knows that his neighbors would never attack Atticus in the presence of his children. His subsequent tenderness towards his frightened and traumatized sister shows that he has taken Atticus' advice to heart; his sympathetic attitude towards Scout shows that he is capable of understanding others by examining matters from their perspective.

The airplane pilot couldn't see Julie/Miyax because of the fog. What did she learn from the sound of the plane?

Julie learns many things from the sound of the plane in Part 3 of Julie of the Wolves.  First, because Julie is adventuring in a mostly untraveled area of Alaska, Julie knows that this must be a plane carrying hunters. Next, Julie learns that shots will only ring out from the plane when the plane flies low enough.  The hunters must be able to see well enough to get a good shot.  Further, they must be close enough for their shot to make an effective kill.  Finally, Julie learns to recognize the sound of the plane turning around to "make another pass."  This involves the plane engine sound becoming more faint and then getting louder again.  

The sound of the plane is important to the story because it involves the tragedy of Julie losing Amaroq, the great wolf.  Julie hides in a barrel and watches as the hunters pursue both Amaroq and Kapu.  Even though Amaroq tries to avoid the bullets (emitted from the low-flying plane) by veering from side to side, he is eventually killed.  Kapu is wounded and is only saved by approaching Julie hiding in the barrel.  The plane is flying so low that Julie can hear the hunters laughing at their kill.  Julie cries out in desperate helplessness.

What is the meaning of the quote “Best way to clear the air is to have it all out in the open," and describe the situation Atticus was in when...

In Chapter 30, Atticus is having a conversation with Sheriff Tate following Bob Ewell's attack on Jem and Scout. Atticus begins to contemplate how he will defend his son, Jem, for killing Bob Ewell. Sheriff Tate questions Atticus to see if he thinks Jem was responsible for murdering Bob Ewell. Atticus tells Tate that he believes Jem wrestled Bob off of Scout and picked up Bob's knife and stabbed him. Atticus uses Scout's recollection of events as the basis for his belief that Jem murdered Bob Ewell. Heck Tate maintains that Jem did not stab Bob Ewell. Atticus disagrees and says that he doesn't want Jem growing up in a community that makes comments like, "his daddy paid a mint to get him out of that." (Lee 366) Atticus says, "The best way to clear the air is to have it all out in the open." (Lee 366) Atticus has integrity and firmly believes that his son murdered Bob Ewell, and refuses to cover up any information that might unfairly help his son in the county court. Later on in the chapter, Heck Tate indirectly informs Atticus that Boo Radley stabbed Bob Ewell, but he's going to tell the community that Bob Ewell fell on his own knife. 

What literary period would Harper Lee and To Kill a Mockingbird fall under?

Harper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird in 1960. At that time, people were writing in all sorts of styles and following different movements. The literary movement that best fits Lee's novel, however, is the Southern Gothic movement.

While the Gothic movement covers novels written in the 18th and 19th centuries, which often took place in the late-medieval or Gothic period and were written mostly by Europeans, the movement crossed the Atlantic and found a new home in the American South. To the post-Civil War writers, the world of the antebellum South was full of antiquated beliefs and dilapidated ruins and captured the imaginations of writers in the same way the Gothic period had for their predecessors. Gothic themes of the decay and ruin of a glorious history are joined in Southern Gothic literature by studies of race and gender issues.

To Kill a Mockingbird does include Southern Gothic themes and motifs. Like traditional Gothic stories, TKAM includes the markers of a good horror story. Boo Radley's house is haunted and creepy, Bob Ewell provides an example of total evil, and there are even mysterious moments of terror, like Bob Ewell's attack on the Radley house.

One aspect of the novel that sets it apart from the Southern Gothic tradition, however, is the humor in it. Stories like "A Rose for Emily" or "Child of God" are not exactly known for their laugh-out-loud humor. TKAM, on the other hand, made me laugh until I cried when Scout is called out in her giant ham costume. The "coming of age" aspect of the story lends itself to humorous looks at Scout's antics and observations, which provide some relief to the Southern Gothic seriousness. 

How can I relate this claim to the theme of Frankenstein: the creature is more human than Victor himself?

During the story, the creature has a realization about the nature of humanity, a realization that is certainly supported by his and others' actions in the text. Upon learning about the Native Americans who suffered a "hapless fate" at the hands of European settlers who came to the New World, he asks,

"Was man, indeed, at once so powerful, so virtuous, and magnificent, yet so vicious and base? He appeared at one time a mere scion of the evil principle, and at another as all that can be conceived of noble and godlike."

The creature's behavior, throughout the text, supports this notion of human nature. He is capable of both extreme good and kindness, such as when he saves the little girl from drowning, brings firewood to the DeLaceys to ease their burdens, and sympathizes with Safie and Felix and their sad story. However, he is also capable of malice and evil -- he kills William, he frames Justine for murder, and he murders Clerval and Elizabeth. In fact, one of the things that makes his later villainy so upsetting is that he truly did begin life as a benevolent and thoughtful being. In this way, however, he is truly more human than Victor because the creature embodies both of humankind's extremes.

Victor, on the other hand, really doesn't ever behave in a selfless or compassionate way. He thinks only of himself first; even when he destroys the mate he promised the creature and the creature vows to be with him on his wedding night, Victor neglects to consider the life of his bride and only thinks of his own potential death. He is incredibly self-centered. Victor wanted to create life for the glory of it, to be hailed as a creator of an entire new race. He doesn't ever do anything for someone else that wouldn't also benefit himself. In this sense, then, he is less human than his creature because he does not embody the two extremes that Shelley suggests are inherent to humankind.

In "A Red, Red Rose" by Robert Burns, is there any evidence the trip is real or does it only take place in his imagination? What is the speaker’s...

The separation here is not a literal trip.  Instead, Burns is using the traditional idea of separation from a love to underscore the tenderness and purity of the speaker's feelings for his beloved.  

He describes it as the freshest of roses "newly sprung in June", and a "melodie sweetly played in tune".  The latter, of course, is a nod to the Scottish oral tradition on which Burns drew in writing his love poetry.  The speaker then describes the depth of his love as as fair as his beloved herself.  Here again, the expression of love is very traditional, and goes back well into the oral tradition.

However, Burns's description of the time period over which his love will endure marks him as an Enlightenment poet.  He references the geological time recently identified when he discusses the seas drying up, and the rocks melting with the sun.  The time he references here is well beyond the human lifespan, and demonstrates clearly the eternity of the speaker's love for his beloved.  

It was quite common in Scottish poetry of the eighteenth century to reference a separation.  This might be due to the speaker's allegiance to the lost cause of the Jacobites and an exile or it might be due to his forced service in the British army (an aftereffect of the failed Jacobite movement).  The use of hyperbole in the final lines, however, underscores the depth of the speaker's love.

What were the consequences of the Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica?

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In "Desiree's Baby," what is the meaning of the phrase, "He was reminded that she was nameless" in the context in which it appears?

In Kate Chopin's "Desiree's Baby," the child Desiree is found and her heritage is not known. Her adopted parents, however, don't care what her background is because they instantly love her. Likewise, when Armand meets Desiree, he falls in love with her and doesn't care that no one knows where she came from. When this phrase is used, it is in the context of Armand not caring about her name because his own name is from such a respected name. His was one of the "oldest and proudest in Louisiana." Later, when the child they have appears to have African American characteristics, Armand automatically blames Desiree since her heritage was unknown. Faced with a mixed race child, Armand now very much cares about her name because he blames her for the child's appearance. Of course, the irony in the story is that it is Armand's family that contains blood of African heritage.

What are Baglioni's suspicions about Giovanni?

Baglioni first suspects that Giovanni's interest in Dr. Rappaccini proceeds from an interest in his daughter, Beatrice. She is famously rumored to be quite beautiful and knowledgeable, and her reputation is well known. When Baglioni next sees Giovanni on the street several weeks later, he remarks on how "'much altered'" Giovanni looks, and this also makes him worry for the young man. When Rappaccini happens to walk by on the street, looking pointedly at Giovanni, Baglioni instantly suspects that "'this man of science is making a study of [Giovanni]." He is absolutely sure now that Giovanni is in grave danger.

When Baglioni actually comes to Giovanni's home to check up on him, he tells Giovanni a story of an Indian prince who sent a beautiful woman to Alexander the Great, and this woman had developed a poisonous nature as a result of her upbringing. He goes on to tell Giovanni that he suspects Rappaccini has brought this story to life by subjecting his own daughter to such an upbringing. Because he seems to suspect that Giovanni has fallen in love with Beatrice, he gives the young man an "antidote" that he claims will rid her of her poisonous nature.

Ultimately why did the North and South go to War in 1861? The Civil War was fought for economic and political liberty and freedom, over a...

Assertions regarding the underlying causes of the American Civil War have a tendency to attempt a level of intellectual superiority that blurs the issue and leads to largely meaningless debate. Many have advanced the thesis that the war’s origins had little direct connection to the issue of slavery while, at the same time, arguing that the fundamental question of states’ rights was far more important. To a certain degree, this assertion is tautological. The issue of states’ rights had been with the nation since its inception, with the Articles of Confederation’s replacement with the final draft of the Constitution illustrating the distinctions between those favoring maximum latitude on the part of individual states and those arguing for a more centrally-controlled union. This fundamental issue of states’ rights and confederacy versus federalism is interwoven into the fabric of the United States, and those Revolutionary-era debates set the stage for the Civil War that would occur almost a century later. The Founding Fathers were split over this question, with prominent and influential figures from that period lining up on either side of the debate. So contentious was the issue that it was only at the very end of the Constitutional Convention, on December 15, 1791, that the assembled dignitaries were able to agree on language that addressed the question of federalism versus states’ rights, the language that became the 10th Amendment to the Constitution and that read as follows:

“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.”

This amendment, part of the Bill of Rights, is vague and subject to interpretation, with such contentious issues as reproductive rights (i.e., abortion) subject to repeated deliberations by the U.S. Supreme Court with respect to the rights of individual states to legislate on matters of common interest.

All of this “ancient history” is provided for a reason: The seeds of the Civil War were planted at the nation’s inception.  Federalism remained an intractable issue, with the growing divergence between the economies of the northern and southern regions of the country exacerbating that underlying conflict. The Industrial Revolution would add to the mix with the efficiencies provided by new means of production, and especially in the area of cotton production.  Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin that mechanically separated seed from fiber and consequently made cotton an economically more appealing agricultural commodity fundamentally changed the economy of the American South and increased the demand for cheap labor – a demand satisfied through the trade in human beings forcibly imported under cruel conditions from Africa. While the North’s economy would feature a far greater exploitation of the fruits of the Industrial Revolution, the South’s economy would remain tied to the labor-intensive production of this one commodity.

Given the inherent linkage between the debate over federalism and the growing issue of slavery, the thesis statement provided -- the Civil War was fought for economic and political liberty and freedom, over a commitment to market capitalism and political representation – is essentially worthless. Yes, the Civil War was fought for economic and political liberty and freedom, but economic and political liberty and freedom meant different things to different people, with the population of the more economically-diverse North opposed to the use of slave labor while the population of the South viewed the issues of economic and political liberty and freedom as granting it the right to conduct its affairs as it saw fit, and those affairs involved the use of slaves to perform the manual labor that was essential to the agricultural-based economy of the South. And, the phrase “market capitalism” implies economic freedom. “Market capitalism” simply means the freedom to exchange goods for other goods or for money. Capitalism IS economic freedom, although corporate excesses invariably result in the imposition of regulatory structures by the federal and state governments as part of the governmental responsibility for protecting the population from harm. To suggest, as the thesis statement does, that there is a distinction between “economic and political liberty and freedom (an unusual distinction between “liberty” and “freedom” implied here) and “market capitalism” is to fail to understand the meaning of either phrase.

James McPherson’s 1997 study For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought the Civil War examines the perspectives of the men who fought in that protracted and bloody conflict. As with “grunts’-eye views” of all wars, including the two world wars, Vietnam, Iraqi Freedom and many other examples of armed conflict, McPherson’s examination of the Civil War through the eyes of the soldiers who fought it provides an invaluable perspective. It is not, however, a meaningful perspective from a public policy perspective. In his book, McPherson quotes a Northern soldier's letter to his mother in which the soldier, a member of the 57th Massachusetts, wrote the following:

“Mother, if all our army felt as I feel when I go into battle, the war would soon be over but I am sorry to say that we have got too many in the army that are not fighting for there [sic] country but for money and all they think about when they go into battle is how to . . . skulk behind the first stump . . . [and] keep out of danger.”

This, and many other quotes in McPherson’s study are invaluable for the insights they give into the motivations and thoughts of individual soldiers. As with all wars started by old men for young men to fight, however, it is not particularly relevant to the larger question of why the Civil War occurred. It occurred because of the vastly divergent perspectives on the nature of liberty dividing the northern half of the country from the southern half. That vast body of literature devoted to the perspectives of individual soldiers and others caught in the wars started by their governments cannot be read in a conceptual vacuum. The Civil War was fought because of the views and decisions of the men at the top of the hierarchy. Individual soldiers fought in it for a variety of reasons, from the need for money to an ingrained belief in a cause. Had Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln and myriad other prominent individuals from American history, including Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, George Washington, and others, successfully resolved the issue of states’ rights without allowing the South to exclude dark-skinned people from the category of humanity, the war could have been avoided. McPherson’s book, important as it is, tells only a part of the story. McPherson’s most recent book, The War that Forged a Nation: Why the Civil War Still Matters, should be read alongside his For Cause and Comrades. That larger perspective cannot, and should not, be neglected, valuable though the latter study remains.

What do we learn about the invasion and Macbeth's actions in Act 5, Scene 2?

About the invasion: 

- Donalbain is not among the attacking force. It is Malcolm and his supporters only. 

- Malcolm (the heir apparent) leads the attacking force. He is accompanied by Siward and his son, as well as Macduff. Siward and Macduff are driven by revenge. 

- The forces of Menteith, Caithness, Angus, and Lennox will meet Malcolm's at Birnam Wood. 

- The attacking forces have more reason to believe in their cause because they have word that some of Macbeth's own men believe him mad. 

- Much of the attacking force are young men who've never known battle. 

About Macbeth's actions:

- He is fortifying Dunsinane. 

- He knows that his men are revolting against him. 

- He knows that the men who fight for him respect only his rank and office, but do not love him. 

Discuss the basic archaeological data used to divide Near Eastern antiquity into epochs such as Neolithic Period, Chalcolithic Period, Early Bronze...

The Neolithic is characterized by a wealth of specialized stone tools in the archaeological record. Stone technology originates with the Paleolithic, and these tool-making techniques were gradually passed from population to population until it was the general tool of choice. The Neolithic Revolution is heavily tied in with the Agricultural Revolution, and many of the new types of stone tools we see appearing in the record around 10,000 BCE are related to the practice of farming. Just as with the development of stone tool technology, the transition to using more specialized stone tools was not an instantaneous process, and it gradually moved from the Near East out into Europe and Asia.

The Chalcolithic is either considered to be a very early portion of the Bronze Age, or falling between the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. The date for the Chalcolithic is roughly from 5300-1700 BCE. This period is characterized by copper-working and craft specialization. The production of metal, ceramic, and stone goods was often a regional specialty, with these goods fetching a higher value farther from their production center.

The Bronze Age is characterized, as the name implies, by the widespread use of bronze tools. Bronze Age culture also has early features of urbanized civilization like proto-writing systems. The Bronze Age in the Near East dates from 3300-1200 BCE. The Early, Middle, and Late Bronze Ages are characterized by an increasingly urban and differentiated society, as evidenced by burials, architecture, and changes in pottery styles.

The Iron Age, similar to the Bronze Age, is defined by the most preferential or most advanced metalworking technique of the time. Bronze fell out of fashion as it required creating an alloy from two relatively hard to find materials which were not always in supply. Iron also had the advantage in the fact that it could be sharpened, whereas bronze required casting for any sort of fine edge. In the Near East, the Iron Age occurred between 1200 and 500 BCE.

The Hellenistic Period dates from the death of Alexander the Great in 323BCE to the beginnings of the Roman Empire in 31 BC. In this time, art and crafting were highly specialized, with the predominant styles being of Greek influence. Greek colonies were established in the Near East and Hellenistic culture, not just materials, were imported and became dominant. The Hellenistic Period is distinctive in the archaeological materials for the heavy influence of Greek material culture and the negotiation of identity through material goods.

The Roman Period is characterized by a prevalence of public works like roads and baths throughout the entire empire, including the Near East. Similar to the import-export relationship of Greek culture during the Hellenistic Period, Roman culture was effectively transplanted into the lives of Near Eastern peoples. The dates for the unified Roman Empire are from 27BCE to 395AD, though Roman culture persisted in the East for a much longer period through the Byzantine Empire.

In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, why does Scout become angry with Dill?

In Chapter 5, Scout laments her situation with Dill and Jem. She mentions that her nagging got the best of Jem and they finally stopped playing the Boo Radley game. Scout also says that Dill was becoming "something of a trial" because he was constantly following Jem around. Dill had asked Scout to marry him earlier in the summer, then forgot about it. Scout is upset at Dill because she feels like he is neglecting her. Scout also mentions that she beat Dill up twice, but he continued to grow closer to Jem. While Jem and Dill spend most of their time in the treehouse, Scout ends up visiting with Miss Maudie. Dill and Jem are maturing, and they begin to reject Scout because she is a girl who is younger than them. Scout gets offended at Dill for favoring Jem and not spending time with her.

On what page does Mildred report Montag to the red report booth in Fahrenheit 451?

There is no page that mentions Mildred going to a red report booth in Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451. In the book, Montag returns to work after taking some time off to read and decide if he wants to continue to be a fireman. When he returns, the first call that his firehouse is sent on is to his own home. Captain Beatty puts Montag to work burning down his own home after he sees his wife walking out of the house, getting in the car and leaving. She doesn't even say a word to her husband. She only says something about her TV program: "Poor family, poor family, oh everything gone, everything, everything gone now. . ." (114). It's only after Montag is forced to burn down his house that he turns to Captain Beatty and asks, "Was it my wife turned in the alarm?" (117). Beatty nods, but also tells him that her friends had reported him earlier, and that he had been waiting for the right moment to force Montag to burn down his own house.

Who is a better leader in the novel The Lord of the Flies, Jack or Ralph?

One can argue for either character in regards to who is the better leader. It is my opinion that Ralph is the better leader throughout the novel. Towards the end of the novel, Jack successfully unites most of the boys through promises of meat, but also uses fear and intimidation to gain their support. However, Ralph is the first person to unite the castaway boys and establish rules. It is Ralph, not Jack, who is elected as leader. Ralph displays positive leadership skills that include establishing important routines and tasks that increase the boys' chance of survival and rescue. Ralph is both patient and stern depending on the situation and exercises good judgement during times of adversity. Ralph is focused on the important tasks that ensure the boys' survival while Jack is preoccupied with hunting and swimming. Unlike Jack, who is ruthless towards certain boys, Ralph shows some sympathy towards weaker characters like Simon, Piggy, and the littluns. Ralph advocates equality amongst the boys while Jack's totalitarian leadership enforces rules based his liking. Had Jack not undermined Ralph's leadership, Simon and Piggy would have survived, and the boys might have been rescued when the ship passed the island in Chapter 4.

Describe the treatment of the hobbits & dwarves by the men of Laketown & The Master of Laketown.

Bilbo Baggins and his dwarf compatriots are relieved to have finally escaped the dungeons of the Wood Elves in Mirkwood. With each dwarf encased in an empty barrel and Bilbo hanging on as best he can, on top of a barrel or two, the group find themselves floating their way down to Laketown. Laketown is a city of humans, located south of the Lonely Mountain. The people there are friends with the Wood Elves.

When Bilbo and the dwarfs first approach the guards at the bridge before the city of Laketown, the guards are surprised to see them. Unprepared for the sight of so many dwarfs and the specter of their leader, Thorin Oakenshield, demanding to see the Master of Laketown, the guards can only nervously comply with the unusual demand. When the entourage finally stand in the great halls of the Master of Laketown, the people of the city are in a frenzy. They remember the prophecy of the return of the King under the Mountain, and they are ecstatic at this new development, despite the fact that Thorin Oakenshield isn't the King under the Mountain; he is the grandson of Thror, the actual King under the Mountain.

The Master of Laketown is initially suspicious of Thorin's claim. Additionally, he isn't too keen on potentially offending the Elven King, who wields great power in the area. Meanwhile, the Wood Elves in the Master's hall indignantly proclaim that Bilbo and the dwarfs are prisoners of their king who have escaped from the dungeons. Basically, the Wood Elves portray the dwarfs as vagabonds who pose a danger to law-abiding citizens. In the end, the clamor of the crowds decide the situation for the Master of Laketown: he reluctantly makes Bilbo and the dwarfs welcome in his great hall. Seeing the Master's changing stance, the whole town loses no time in housing some of the dwarfs in their homes and in generally lavishing an opulent hospitality on Thorin's grateful band of warriors.

In due time, Bilbo and the dwarfs regain their strength, and Thorin decides that they must be on their way. The Master finds himself ambivalent about this announcement. On the one hand, he has never really believed Thorin's story nor imagined that the dwarfs would dare to confront Smaug, the dragon. On the other hand, he finds himself relieved that the dwarfs will soon be on their way, as it has been very expensive to tend to their needs during their short stay. So, with the Master and his councilors waving the dwarfs off from the steps of the town hall (after providing them with necessary provisions for the journey), Thorin and his group row away. The people of Laketown sing heartily as the dwarfs make their way down the river.

Differentiate between simple and complex societies?

Using a broad examination of cultures, sociologists can classify them into two basic types: simple and complex. The designation is based on the economic considerations. Simple societies are generally smaller in population. The economy is subsistence based, meaning they only produce what they will use. Surpluses are very small and there is no motive to profit individually from economic activity. In the simple society, there is very little diversity in jobs or economic activity. Naturally, food gathering dominates simple societies. Innovation and change are almost non-existent.

Most civilizations today would be considered complex societies. There is a high degree of specialization in labor and a large variety different jobs. The diversity of jobs creates social stratification. Many jobs require advanced and unique skills because technology and innovation operate at a fast pace. Complex societies are motivated by surplus and profit with monetary systems of exchange.

`2x + y - 3z = 4, 4x + 2z = 10, -2x + 3y - 13z = -8` Solve the system of linear equations and check any solutions algebraically.

You may add the third equation to the first, such that:

`4y  - 16z = -4 => y - 4z = -1`

You may add the second equation to the third, multiplied by 2, such that:

`4x + 2z - 4x + 6y - 26z = 10 - 16`

`  -24z + 6y = -6 => -4z + y = -1`

Since you have obtained two equivalent equations, hence, the lines represented by the equations of the system are parallel and the system has no solutions.

What was important to Scrooge in the past? What is important now to Scrooge?

At the beginning of the story, Scrooge was a greedy man who loved money.  His goal in life was to make money and keep it.  Most beggars would not ask Scrooge for money because they knew he was not a charitable man.  He paid his clerk, Bob Cratchit, very little.  He gave him a small amount of coal to stay warm with, while he used a larger amount for himself.  He refused to celebrate Christmas.  

At the end of the story, Scrooge became a happy, generous man.  He bought a large turkey for Bob Cratchit and his family.  He greeted people in the street with "Merry Christmas!"  This was something he never would have done before.  He visited his nephew.  Then he visited the Cratchit family and gave Bob a raise.  Scrooge also became like a second father to Tiny Tim.  He became a man who celebrated and loved Christmas.

What happened in chapter 15 of the book Lyddie?

Chapter 15 is a depressing chapter to read.  There's practically nothing happy that happens.  Even things that first appear good on the surface wind up being a blow to Lyddie.  

The chapter begins with Lyddie's uncle coming to see Lyddie.  Uncle Judah has even brought Lyddie's sister Rachel with him.  That sounds wonderful, except that the reason for his visit is not a happy reason.  Uncle Judah has come to tell Lyddie that he and his wife had to put Lyddie's mother into an asylum.  In order to pay for such a thing, they plan to sell Lyddie's family farm.  Rachel is there, because they can no longer care for her and are basically leaving Lyddie with having to raise Rachel.  

Lyddie is forced to beg Mrs. Bedlow to allow Rachel to stay for a couple of weeks.  Mrs. Bedlow agrees.  Then Lyddie tries to contact Charlie, so that he can stop the sale of the farm.  

Lyddie's work life isn't much better.  Brigid is continuing to slow down at work, which frustrates Lyddie to no end.  Marsden threatens to fire Brigid, which Lyddie actually doesn't want to happen, so Lyddie begins helping Brigid even more.  

How are the Academy Award nominees chosen?

The Academy Award nominees, also called the Oscar nominees, are chosen via a voting process. It is a long and complicated process that involves over 6000 voting members. These voting members are comprised of actors, directors, casting agents - essentially any job that exists in Hollywood has agents who are voting members. The requirement is that voting members must have a high level of quality and distinction in "the business," also known as Hollywood. If a person does not necessarily have the qualifications to be a voting member, but still wishes to be a voting member, they can have two official voting members sponsor them. Once sponsored, the person is eligible to vote. The voting process is managed by an accounting team called PricewaterhouseCoopers, who have overseen the ballots for over eight decades. 

The greater of two numbers is 5 more than the smaller. If the smaller is added to twice the greater, the result is 22. Find both of the numbers.

Hello!

Denote the smaller number as `x` and the greater as `y.` Then it is given that

`y=x+5`  ("the greater of two numbers is 5 more than the smaller")

and

`x+2y=22`  ("if the smaller is added to twice the greater, the result is 22").

This is the simple system of two linear equations with two variables. Substitute `y` from the first equation into the second and obtain

`x+2(x+5)=22,` or `3x+10=22,` or `3x=12,` `x=4.`

And recall `y=x+5=9.`

So the answer is: the smaller number is 4, the greater is 9.

What erosional force forms sand dunes?

Sand dunes are formed by the action of wind. Erosion of rocks by chemical and physical processes generates sand particles. These particles are blown away by wind. Depending on the strength of the wind and size and type of the particles, they are blown to different distances. Heavier particles are blown to small distances, while lighter particles tend to stay afloat for longer and hence travel greater distances. However, with time, all the airborne particles fall down to the ground and get deposited. This deposition forms the sand dunes. These physical structures vary in shape and size depending on the wind strength, particle size, etc. 

Sand dunes may also be formed by water, though to a much lesser extent than those formed by wind action.

Hope this helps. 

In Galloway's The Cellist of Sarajevo, what does Kenan learn about himself?

In Galloway's The Cellist of Sarajevo, Kenan learns a great deal about himself—as does the reader—as he makes his trip some distance away to the brewery to fill bottles (his family's and his neighbor's) with fresh water.

On this weekly journey, Kenan has a lot of time to reflect upon his life and how it has so drastically changed with the war. The loss of the things of the past (such as running water and electric) hit him and his family hard. He has learned to appreciate things they once had, and any reprieve is a source of great joy for him and his family. For example, when the electric comes on temporarily, he notes that for a short while, the family will not be able to contain their pleasure:

The bulb in the ceiling surges to life…faces will be tired from smiling.

The life he and his family now live is, he comes to realize, barely living at all. As he walks along to get the water, shelling begins there at the brewery. He realizes that he is a coward, for he is frozen in place while others move to help those who have been hurt or carry away those who have been killed. He does not run away as others do, but he also does not act for the benefit of those around him.

His trip is frightening and arduous. Kenan comes to resent getting water for his neighbor Mrs. Ristovski, who lives alone with no one to help her. (He is especially aggravated because she is not a very nice person.) In fact, at one point he leaves her bottles hidden because they are hard to carry and he is angry about his situation, deciding not to help the woman.

On the way home, Kenan (and many others) hear the cellist playing—which he has decided to do once a day for twenty-two days—in memory of the twenty-two people killed in the market place earlier in the story. Kenan is touched by the music, as are those near him:

[Kenan] stares at the cellist, and feels himself relax as the music seeps into him. He watches as the cellist's hair smoothes itself out, his beard disappears. A dirty tuxedo becomes clean, shoes polished bright as mirrors. Kenan hasn't heard the cellist's tune before, but he knows it anyway, its notes familiar and full of pride, a young boy in a new coat holding his father's hand as he walks down a winter street.

This experience brings back memories to Kenan of days far in the past. In his mind's eye, he does not see the disheveled appearance of the musician: not his clothing or his hair or his beard. It is a hope within him that takes root and springs up to fill him. It is this theme of hope that runs throughout the novel, that one day peace will return and life will cease to be so very difficult.

In hearing the cellist, Kenan is transformed. He stops to watch those around him who have also heard the music of the cellist; some bring flowers to the spot where he played—the spot where so many had died while trying to buy bread. He notices that in others, as with himself, some are hardly alive anymore. He thinks:

...to be a ghost while you're still alive is the worst thing he can imagine.

While Kenan has discovered that he is fearful—afraid of dying—he also discovers a hope hidden in his heart long buried. He is now convinced that he must not just exist, but be truly alive. He must stop acting like a ghost. This resolve gives him courage to choose to live more fully, despite the circumstances of the present moment. And with this change, he returns to get Mrs. Ristovski's water bottles, encouraged with his new-found strength—his renewed hope—to see to the needs of others, even his neighbor who is so difficult to deal with sometimes.

What does Nat think has caused the birds' strange behavior?

Nat believes that it is the unusually hard winter weather that has caused the birds to behave strangely.

In the beginning of the story, we notice that Nat is concerned about the number of birds that have descended upon his little town. Nat's farmer neighbor thinks that the winter will be a hard one, and Nat agrees with him. The blustery cold east wind is unusually forceful, and Nat hypothesizes that this will be a bitter winter, where the dreaded black frost will be a definite problem. White frost is usually formed when the temperatures are low and the humidity is relatively high. It can be seen as thin coatings of ice on plants and trees.

On the other hand, black frost is formed when the temperatures are low and the humidity is extremely low. This black frost results in plants freezing and dying (turning black). So, Nat thinks that the sudden dawning of bad winter weather is the cause of the birds' strange behavior.

Name 2 possible ways an organism maintains homeostasis.

Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain its internal environment at optimal levels, in spite of changes in the external environment. There are a number of ways an organism can achieve homeostasis. One of the primary ways is to control the entry and exit of material into the body. In the case of cells, the cell membrane is the selective barrier that controls the entry and exit of materials. In the case of human beings, we can decide on what to eat, what to inhale (through controlled environment, by use of technology) and what we come in contact with, thus controlling what goes inside our body. We also body systems to discard the useless materials from our body.

Another way organisms maintain the homeostasis is by responding in wake of a change in external or internal environment. For example, when the outside temperature is low, our body starts generating heat. When it is warm outside, we sweat and lose heat through perspiration and thereby control our internal temperature. Similarly, we maintain blood glucose levels.

Hope this helps. 

What is the primary conflict in "An Ounce of Cure"? Why?

The primary conflict in An Ounce of Cure is between the unnamed narrator and herself. The story is a tale of a young girl's struggle to accept herself and the whirling emotions she experiences as begins experiencing adult life. This conflict is demonstrated in her obsessive replaying of the events surrounding her first kiss, which ultimately left her heartbroken and depressed. Her decision to attempt to kill herself is a manifestation of this conflict.

Alternatively, the story may also be viewed as one centered on the conflict of man vs. society. In many ways the conditions the narrator finds herself in are a product of the extremely conservative environment of the town she lives in and the immense pressure that has been placed on her to live up to other people's expectations. She finds herself having a reputation to uphold that is in many ways beyond her as it does not afford her the freedom to explore and make mistakes as everyone does while growing up.

What is the most interesting part of Oliver Twist?

The most interesting part of the story is when Sikes murders Nancy.

The most interesting part of any book might be in the eye of the beholder.  There are certainly many interesting parts of the story, such as when Oliver asked for more gruel, when he became apprenticed to an undertaker, or when Fagin took him in to try to teach him to be a criminal.  Oliver’s arrest, kidnapping, and attempted burglary are all also very exciting.  However, I have always found the part where Bill Sikes kills Nancy to be especially important.

Sikes was abusive to Nancy, there is no question about it.  She was also kind to Oliver, and few of the criminals were.  For this reason, Nancy ended up dead.  Dickens foreshadows this when Sikes forces Nancy to go and get Oliver after Brownlow rescues him.  Nancy refuses to go until Sikes forces her to.

By dint of alternate threats, promises, and bribes, the lady in question was ultimately prevailed upon to undertake the commission. She was not, indeed, withheld by the same considerations as her agreeable friend; for … she was not under the same apprehension of being recognised by any of her numerous acquaintances. (Ch. 13)

Nancy goes so far as to talk to Rose Maylie and Brownlow to tell them what happened to Oliver and his life story.  Nancy is aware that Oliver is not like the other boys.  All of Fagin’s attempts to get Oliver to turn into a criminal have failed.  She wants to rescue him from a life of crime.

She staggered and fell: nearly blinded with the blood that rained down from a deep gash in her forehead; but raising herself, with difficulty, on her knees, drew from her bosom a white handkerchief—Rose Maylie's own … (Ch. 48)

Sikes kills Nancy because he thinks she told on all of them to Brownloaw and to the police.  Since she was followed to her meeting on the bridge, he thinks that she betrayed them, and for this reason he kills her.

Due to Nancy's sacrifice, Oliver is able to live with his new family and does not have to succumb to a life of crime.  Leeford's efforts to make him a criminal have failed, and Oliver remained good.