In both cases, the cause is the interaction between electric charges. The electric charge in a body may appear by rubbing, by contact with another charged body, or under its influence.
When a balloon is rubbed with another body, like the human hair for example, a certain amount of electrons passes from the hair towards the balloon, so it acquires a negative charge. If in these conditions the balloon nears the wall, its negative charge repels the free electrons in the wall, leaving a positive charge in this region, and the attraction between the balloon and the wall occurs.
If the balloon is rubbed with polyester, a certain amount of electrons go from the balloon towards the polyester, so the balloon acquires a positive charge. If the balloon is approaching the wall, the free electrons in the wall accumulate in this region and the attraction between the balloon and the wall occurs.
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