What would have been clarified or different if Fortunato had told the story "The Cask of Amontillado"?

Point of view is important to telling a story.  The point of view controls what information the reader gets, and frames it a certain way.  This story has what we call an unreliable narrator.  Montresor is crazy.  He does not really think rationally, so we have no idea whether or not we can trust what he says.

The biggest question of the story is: What did Fortunato do?  We are told by Montresor that he was insulted by Fortunato.

The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge. You, who so well know the nature of my soul, will not suppose, however, that gave utterance to a threat. At length I would be avenged …

If Fortunato was telling the story, we would not know that a murder was planned.  We might find out what Fortunato did to anger Montresor though, if he even feels like mentioning it.  The insult must have been something very slight for Fortunato to go into the catacombs.  You do not follow a man you have grievously injured underground.

The other information the reader would get from Fortunato would be whether or not, or when, he became suspicious.  Montresor seems to be doing a very good job of manipulating Fortunato. 

"Come," I said, with decision, "we will go back; your health is precious. You are rich, respected, admired, beloved; you are happy, as once I was. You are a man to be missed. For me it is no matter. We will go back; you will be ill, and I cannot be responsible. Besides, there is Luchresi --"

It would be interesting to see Fortunato’s mindset here.  Obviously he does not want Luchesi to look at that wine.  Why?  Is it just because he is conceited and wants to prevent anyone else from getting the glory?  There could be another reason.

Changing narrators would certainly be a twist on this story.  It would confirm that Montresor really is crazy.  Fortunato might confess to the injury.  What if he really did do something to Montresor?

Sum up what Slim says about the relationship between knowledge and kindness in Of Mice and Men.

Sim says that a person doesn’t have to be smart to be kind.

Slim and George have a conversation about Lennie when Slim mentions that it is unusual for two guys to stick together.  Most of the ranch hands are loners.  George explains that Lennie is not smart, but is still good.  He gives examples of the abuses he has heaped on Lennie that Lennie just took in stride.  Lennie cares about George, and would never hurt him.

Slim comments that brains are not needed to be a good person.

"He's a nice fella," said Slim. "Guy don't need no sense to be a nice fella. Seems to me sometimes it jus' works the other way around. Take a real smart guy and he ain't hardly ever a nice fella." (Ch. 3)

Lennie may be mentally challenged, but he is kind and a good friend in his own way.  He would never do anything against anyone.  He is childlike in his demeanor, and while he sometimes accidentally hurts people or animals, it is only because he doesn’t know his own strength.

George agrees, commenting that being lonely can turn a person mean.  He and Lennie have each other, and it helps them face the world.  George tells Slim that Lennie can be a nuisance.

"'Course he ain't mean. But he gets in trouble alla time because he's so God damn dumb. Like what happened in Weed-" (Ch. 3)

Slim seems a bit jealous of the relationship between George and Lennie.  He too is a genuinely good guy, and well-respected on the ranch.  George opens up to him, even though he normally is very protective of Lennie and doesn’t tell people about him.  Slim’s disarming nature makes it easy to talk to him.

Both the comments are Lennie's niceness and the story about what happened in Weed foreshadow Lennie's trouble with Curley's wife.  Lennie is a nice guy, so he didn't mean to kill her.  He likes soft things though, and this can be disastrous.  Lennie doesn't learn from his mistakes.

Why was it necessary for Athena to disguise herself as a mortal man in order to intervene with Odysseus and Telemachus?

In the lore of ancient Greece, it was believed that anyone who looked upon the true form of a god or goddess would die because the sight would be too overwhelming to handle. That is one reason Athena disguises herself: she really likes Odysseus and Telemachus, so she does not want to kill them.

It is a common theme in these kinds of stories for gods and goddesses to disguise themselves as humans and animals. That way they are not seen to be directly interfering with human affairs. Often it is just a random animal or person, but Athena's disguise is not just any random mortal man: he is Mentor, a friend of Odysseus. This disguise allows her to get close to the two men without raising their suspicions because of course Odysseus' friend is going to be around and involved. It also guarantees that they will at the very least listen to her advice, and their respect for Mentor makes it more likely that they will follow it as well. 

All in all, Athena adopts the guise of Mentor so as not to kill Odysseus and Telemachus while she does what she can to help them in their endeavors.

What does opening the door for Elijah symbolize?

I am assuming your question is referring to the Jewish Passover celebration in which participants symbolically open the door, welcoming the prophet Elijah to enter the home.  An extra place at the table is also set in anticipation for the guest.  These symbolic actions concerning the anticipation of the prophet Elijah are done every year at the Jewish Passover.

This expectant and hopeful anticipation of the prophet Elijah hearkens back to a prophecy in the Jewish book of Malachi, found in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.  In Malachi, the God of the Hebrews says, "Behold, I send My messenger, and he will prepare the way before Me" (Malachi 3:1, NKJV).  The Jews understood this to be Elijah, who would appear to herald the coming of the Jewish Messiah.  Jews, anticipating the coming of Messiah for thousands of years, still today anticipate the prophet Elijah, who announces the coming of Messiah, by setting a place at the table and opening the door for his entrance.

In his soliloquy at the beginning of scene vii, what arguments against killing Duncan does Macbeth express? Which of these arguments seems to...

At the beginning of Act One Scene 7, the audience witnesses an extended soliloquy by Macbeth in which he expresses deep doubts about carrying out the murder of Duncan. Fundamentally, he realizes that the murder of Duncan is a fundamentally unjust act, one which makes the throne of Scotland which he will receive a "poison'd chalice." Duncan is both Macbeth's king and his cousin, which makes the murder not just treasonous but a violation of the bonds of kinship. Macbeth says these facts alone should make him "shut the door" against his murderer, not "bear the knife" himself. Also, Duncan is a good man, much beloved of the people of Scotland, and indeed of Macbeth himself:

...this Duncan
Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been
So clear in his great office, that his virtues
Will plead like angels trumpet-tongued against
The deep damnation of his taking-off...

Once people hear of the murder, Macbeth realizes, their "tears shall drown the wind." Finally, after this bout of soul-searching, the title character comes to the conclusion that there is really nothing motivating him to kill the King except his own "vaulting ambition." This realization seems to have convinced him to abandon, or at least put off, his plot to murder Duncan. When Lady Macbeth discovers that her husband is vacillating, she mocks him, appealing to his masculinity and his courage to goad him into proceeding with the murder.

Summarize Chapter 4-12 of World History and Geography by Jackson Spielvogel.

World History and Geography by Jackson Spielvogel is a popular American high school textbook that is published by Glencoe. Asking for a summary of nine chapters from the textbook (almost two hundred pages) is a little much. What I will provide is a quick overview of each of the first three chapters that you requested.

Chapter Four-- This chapter gives a quick look at the geography of the Ancient Greeks and how it impacted the early political and social history. The Mycenaean civilization was the first on mainland Greece and this period was followed by a Dark Age. During the Dark Ages, a group of people known as the Dorians brought the alphabet and iron which helped revive the Greek economy. The chapter continues with the discussion of Greece's culture, philosophy, and achievement. Also detailed are two major conflicts in Greece, one with Persia and the other between two Greek city-states: Sparta and Athens. The final section of the chapter discusses the Macedonian conquest and the impact of Alexander the Great.

Chapter Five--The major religions of Hinduism and Buddhism are examined from their doctrines and beliefs to the impact they had on India. This is the chapter that explains the rigid social structure of India that is called the caste system. The chapter explores three empires between 260 BC and 410 AD: Mauryan, Kushan, and Gupta. The culture and accomplishments of the three empires are examined, specifically the architecture and mathematics.

Chapter Six--Confucianism as a guiding principle of spirituality and civic life is discussed at the beginning of this chapter and is a theme throughout. Other Chinese philosophers (Daoism and Legalism) are also contemplated. The unification of China under the Qin Dynasty and an examination of the life of Qin Shihuangdi follows. The chapter concludes with the Han Dynasty, particularly the political structure, and technology. The chapter ends with the cause of the fall of the Han Empire.

Summarize what Marley’s ghost tells Scrooge about the afterlife. Scrooge responds, “‘But you were always a good man of business, Jacob.’”...

Marley's ghost tells Scrooge what the last seven years since his death have been like.  He is in a state of constant remorse because of how he lived his life on earth.  Marley has no peace as he wanders around the same area, never staying still.  Regretful, Marley tells Scrooge that he never rests and is always moving, as if in circles.  Scrooge begins to think of his own life, which is similar to how Marley lived his own when he was alive.  He speaks to Marley, as if reasoning with him, "But you were always a good man of business, Jacob."  Marley goes on and tells Scrooge that he lived his life with his eyes downcast, never seeing the suffering around him.  He then tells Scrooge that it is not too late.  He warns him that he needs to change his life.