In what ways have changes in the social, economic, and political environment of society been reflected in correctional policies?

The changes in correctional policy begin with the court system. Because of the general problem of overcrowding in prisons, judges and lawyers have tried to find other ways to treat criminals – plea bargaining, fines, suspended sentencing, home arrests, etc. Also, nonviolent crimes and drug possession crimes have been treated much more lightly, with many marijuana possession crimes reduced to misdemeanors. In the corrections systems itself, social changes have brought about more rehabilitation programs, such as vocation-based learning opportunities and social outreach programs (for example, guide dog training.) The relationship between prisoners and guards has softened in response to society’s changed view of the rights and duties of the officers.  More attention is being paid to racial divisions in prison, too, due to the public's increased awareness of racial bias on the part of arresting officers.  Finally, a paroled or released convict (as one of the solutions to overcrowded conditions) has less pressure to declare his/her record on job applications.  Because of the  Constitutional prohibition of "cruel and unusual punishment," the correctional system is fairly restricted in upgrading or revising its policies.