Why does Scout say that Bob Ewell "made himself unique in the annals of the nineteen thirties"? Upon whom does he blame his latest problem on?

Bob Ewell has become "unique in the annals of the nineteen thirties" because he has been fired from a job with the WPA (Works Progress Administration) and is possibly the only man to have the dubious distinction of being fired from this job because of his incredible indolence. Nevertheless, true to his character, Ewell places the blame upon someone else: Atticus Finch.

During the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted various social programs to provide relief for Americans, who were out of jobs and virtually starving. One of these was the WPA, which provided relief to people, but at the same time, it allowed them to retain some pride because they were assigned jobs rather than just given a free check. So, most men were very grateful to be earning something for their families. While a proud man like Mr. Walter Cunningham refuses such a job because it is a government-provided one and, therefore, an insult to him, in contrast, Bob Ewell is so worthless that after accepting this job, he is too lazy to even work. 

Of course, as is characteristic of this man who typifies "white trash" in Harper Lee's novel, he blames others for his failure:

...his job lasted only as long as his notoriety: Mr. Ewell found himself as forgotten as Tom Robinson.

When he returns to the welfare office, a worker there named Ruth Jones says that "Mr. Ewell openly accused Atticus of getting his job." The only reply that Atticus makes is in telling Ms. Jones that Bob Ewell knows well where his office is if he has a complaint to make. Moreover, this latest vignette on Bob Ewell clearly indicates the sordidness of his character, preparing the reader for his final ignominious act.

What energy conversion takes place in the bulb of the flashlight?

In order to understand what energy conversion takes place in the bulb of the flashlight, one must first look at how a flashlight operates. In a flashlight, batteries serve as the main source of energy for powering the bulb. Energy is stored in the batteries in the form of chemical energy. Once the flashlight is turned on, it creates a completed circuit running from the positive end to the negative end of the batteries, with the bulb located in between in the circuit. The completion of this circuit causes electrons to start flowing from the positive end of the battery, or batteries, towards the negative end. This electron flow changes chemical energy stored in the battery into electrical energy. As electrical energy flows through the flashlight circuit, it crosses the bulb. The bulb is typically made of a "tungsten filament, or light emitting diode". The law of conservation of energy generally states that energy can not be created or destroyed. Therefore, when electrical energy flowing through the circuit of the flashlight heats up the bulb, it is converted into both light energy and thermal energy, producing the light of a flashlight. It is important to realize that this emitted light and thermal energy are no longer present in the circuit leading to less overall energy in the system. This is the reason that batteries in a flashlight eventually die and must be replaced. Hope this helps! 

In the book, Animal Farm, why does Old Major think that revolution is possible at Manor Farm?

In the first chapter of Animal Farm, Old Major gives an inspiring speech to the animals of Manor Farm. Old Major believes that rebellion is imminent and inevitable and he has come to this conclusion for a number of reasons.

First of all, Old Major is coming to the end of his life and has gleaned some important lessons about the nature of being. This is combined with a strange dream in which he glimpses the future when "Man has vanished." This gives Old Major the sense that Manor Farm is poised on the verge of an important event.

Secondly, Old Major has figured out the exploitative relationship between animals and Man. He understands that men are cruel and selfish and that they are the "only animals who consume without producing." He sees that the suffering of animals is the direct result of this exploitation and that animals can only free themselves if they overthrow men like Mr. Jones.

Finally, the animals' reception to Major's speech convinces him that rebellion is possible at Manor Farm. When he sings the song, The Old Beasts of England, for example, the animals are thrown into the "wildest excitement." They start to sing it for themselves before Major has finished and quickly know most, if not all, of the words. In fact, it is only the interruption of Mr. Jones' gun that stops the animals from singing all night.

Rebellion is now in the hearts and minds of the animals of Manor Farm and it is only a matter of time until it is fully realized. 

What is a strict construction? Who supported this view and why?

A strict construction of the Constitution is one way of interpreting the Constitution. People who believe in a strict construction of the Constitution believe we can do only what the Constitution specifically says we can do. There would be no stretching the meaning of the Constitution with this view of it. We can do only what the Constitution specifically says we can do.

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison were two people who supported a strict view of the Constitution. People who were concerned the federal government would have too much power generally supported a strict view. By utilizing a strict view, the federal government and those who wanted a strong federal government would find it much more difficult to expand the powers of the federal government. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison wanted a weaker federal government. Many people in the Democratic-Republican Party also supported a strict view of the Constitution because they, too, wanted to limit the power of the federal government.

Considering how much the world has changed since the Constitution was written, it would be interesting to see how we would have functioned if we followed a strict view of the Constitution throughout our history. Even Thomas Jefferson was tested with his views when he had to decide if we should make the Louisiana Purchase. There is nothing written in the Constitution about the President agreeing to buy land. Jefferson eventually agreed to make the Louisiana Purchase even though the deal went against his views of how to  interpret the Constitution.

Give a summary of chapters 9 and 10 of Lyddie.

As chapter 9 opens, Lyddie arrives on the floor of the weaving room after having gone through her official first-day procedures for new hires. She is startled by how loud the room is; she can hardly hear the instructions the overseer gives her. Diana, a co-worker, jumps in to show her the ropes. At one point they are able to step away from the noisy machines and Diana asks Lyddie if she likes to read. Lyddie admits she's not good at reading, and Diana tells her she can visit her that night so Diana can help her read the regulations. That evening Lyddie's roommates give her a hard time for going to see Diana. They warn her that Diana is a "known radical," but Lyddie goes to see her anyway. She finds Diana to be kind and understanding; Diana even gives Lyddie paper and postage so Lyddie can write her mother and Charlie, letting them know she is in Lowell. When Lyddie returns to her room, her roommates grill her about what happened at Diana's and again warn her about Diana, calling her "devious."

In chapter 10, Lyddie completes her first full day on the floor, and she finds it difficult and exhausting. Her feet swell in her new boots, the air is thick with debris, and the noise is deafening. Diana helps her get through the day, but when she gets back to the boarding house, she is nearly too tired to eat her supper. When she crawls into bed early, Betsy offers to read to her aloud from her novel, Oliver Twist. Lyddie is fascinated by the tale of poor young Oliver, who gets hauled before "a sort of agent" simply for asking for more food. When Betsy tries to explain about the author of the book, Lyddie says, "Don't stop reading, please." She is completely engrossed in the story.

How old does the average cow live?

The life span of an average cow is about 20-25 years, if it is allowed to live its full life. Generally, cows are bred for milking and/or beef production. Once the cows that are bred for milking purposes have been milked for all the milk they can produce, they are sent to slaughterhouses for beef production. The calves that are not useful for milking are sent to fattening houses and are fed high-bulk cereals, to fatten them and increase the quantity of beef. The calves, thus fattened, are slaughtered at the age of 1-2 years. The life span of cows also depends on the conditions of the farm. On organic farms, the conditions are often much better, in terms of food and low/nil chemical usage. Individual cow owners in developing and underdeveloped countries can have very bad living conditions for cows. Such conditions result in poor health, spread of disease, malnutrition and hence lower age of cows.

Hope this helps. 

Please help me to understand this quote from "All's Well That Ends Well": "A young man married is a man that's marred."

“A young man married is a man that’s marred” is the opinion of that loudly-dressed, loudly-spoken, class-A blowhard Parolles in “All’s Well That Ends Well”. He’s expressing his support for his friend Bertram, who has just been married under duress to a woman he doesn’t love, and has decided to run away and join the army in a far-off war rather than spend the night with her. As solutions go, it seems pretty extreme, but Parolles believes that marriage and settling down ruins a man’s independence and his chances of bedding other women, and to marry at Bertram’s young age would mean a tragic loss of years of playing the field and having adventures. He’s planning to head to the wars himself, and so is happy to see Bertram joining him, as he predicts glory on the battlefield for them both. His experience in the war turns out to be decidedly less dignified than he imagined.

Did Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince inspire autocracy among other "Princes"?

While the Prince is perhaps the most often read of Machiavelli's works in modern classrooms, many of his other works were actually more influential and widely read. His Discourses on Livy in particular were read by contemporaries and, most notably, by many of the Framers of the United States Constitution. These writings, far from recommending autocracy, are more geared toward republicanism, and in fact have been read by some historians of political ideas as seminal works in that political theory. In fact, the Prince is very different than most of Machiavelli's writings, and there are some who argue that Machiavelli was essentially providing some of the avaricious, amoral leaders of the Italian city-states like the Medici of Florence with a justification for their behavior in an attempt to win their favor. Also, Machiavelli had spent a great deal of time in the courts of Europe, including France and the Papal States, by the time he wrote the book, and his book was more influenced by these "princes" than it was influential among them. It is well known, for example, that the Prince basically held up the ruthless Cesare Borgia, whom Machiavelli knew, as the model leader. We do not know whether the Prince was read by the monarchs of the early modern period. But certainly many behaved as if they had read the man. Overall, though, his Discourses were more influential in Europe than the Prince.

What are the countries that conquered China?

Since its inception as a single unified nation in 221 BCE under the rule of the Qin dynasty, China has faced numerous military invasions. The Mongol invasion of the 13th century lasted several decades and culminated in the establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Kahn in 1279. This represented the first time that the whole of China had been conquered by an outside force and come under the absolute rule of a foreign power. Following the collapse of the Yuan dynasty and the return of power to native Han Chinese, the country was again conquered by Manchurian tribes in the early to mid 1600s. The Manchus once again brought China under the rule of a foreign power with the establishment of the Qing dynasty. During World War II, is what is known as the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japan invaded and controlled substantial territories within China's borders, but failed to truly conquer the nation and bring it under foreign control before surrendering to allied forces.

To what extent is Willy Loman responsible for the failure of his dreams?

Willie Loman has no one but himself to blame for his failure to achieve his dreams. Although he has had difficulties in his life that make it hard for him to get ahead, his own character flaws ultimately cause his dreams to disappear. One of the major factors that worked against him was his lack of a father's direction. Willie's father left when he was a baby, and because of the he still feels "kind of temporary about myself." That is a difficult obstacle to overcome, yet many people have grown up fatherless and have been able to achieve their dreams. Another obstacle to Willie's success was the prevalence of enablers in his life. His wife, Linda, never confronts him on his inappropriate behaviors or his lies. She always tries to encourage him, but she doesn't respect him enough to present the truth to him about himself. Even Biff, who becomes furious at his father because of his adultery, never confronts him about it but handles it by becoming passive aggressive towards Willy. And Charley, while seeming to speak frankly to Willy, continues to pass money to him without demanding that Willy look at life realistically. While these people enable Willy's bad behavior, they cannot be held responsible for it. 

Willy's personal character flaws are what prevent him from achieving his dream. First, he has a desire to get by on personality without providing value by making meaningful contributions to the world. The reason he chooses to stay working as a salesman is that he has the picture of the 84-year-old salesman who was able to make a living just by calling people on the phone--a life of ease, as Willy sees it. His whole goal was to succeed in life without paying his dues. This is consistent with his habit of stealing, such as stealing from the construction site next door to build his steps. That example passed on to his sons in that neither wants to work hard, and Biff, in particular, steals. His dishonesty with himself and others is the biggest obstacle to his success. He lies to his wife constantly, even cheats on her, and continually lies to himself about his abilities and earnings. A salesman who is perceived as dishonest is unlikely to do well with customers. Because Willy never confronts the reality of his life and his own shortcomings, "he never trained himself for anything," which Bernard suggests is the reason for Biff's failures, but also applies to Willy.

Although Willy's lack of a father and his many enablers complicate his road to success, the real factor that prevents him from achieving his dreams is his own flawed character.

What literary devices were in Macbeth Act V Scene V?

"Literary devices" is a broad term. I see many poetic/rhetorical devices in this scene. To wit: 

Personification: "Our castle's strength / Will laugh a siege to scorn." Neither a castle nor its strength can laugh (a human ability). 

More personification throughout Macbeth's speech: 

To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day
To the last syllable of recorded time,
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!
Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage
And then is heard no more: it is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing.

Alliteration: In the line above, look at the "s" words. Macbeth uses a lot of "s" words; they make him sound a bit like the snake he has become. 

Also, not the "b"s in this line: "We might have met them dareful, beard to beard, / And beat them backward home." "B"s are brutal sounds when several are combined in a sentence. He's talking about violence here, so it's fitting.  

Simile: Macbeth says there was a time that there was once a time that his hair would stand on end "As life were in't." 

Refrain (repetition of words or phrases at a single place): "To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow"

Metaphor: Life is a candle. 

What percent of a healthy adult human is whole blood? What is the mass (in grams) of whole blood in a healthy adult human?

A healthy adult that weighs between 150 to 160 pounds would have a mass of approximately 4,982 grams to 5,300 grams of blood. 

Depending on the source that is used, blood accounts for 7%, or one-eleventh, of a healthy adult’s body weight. As an example, if a human weighed between 150 and 160 pounds, his or her volume of blood would be roughly between 4.7 to 5 liters. According to Hypertextbook, whole blood (plasma and its contents) has a density of approximately 1060 kg/m3. When converted, this is the same as 1.06 g/cm3. There is 1000 cm3 per one liter. Therefore, a healthy adult human that has 4.7 to 5 liters of blood would have between 4,982 grams and 5,300 grams of blood.

Blood is important to organisms because oxygen attaches to the hemoglobin inside red blood cells. In this way, red blood cells deliver the oxygen to where it is needed throughout the body. Oxygen is used by the body in a process that is called cellular respiration. During cellular respiration, oxygen and glucose are converted into carbon dioxide gas, water, and an energy source that is called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Red blood cells also pick up the carbon dioxide that is produced during cellular respiration and brings the gas to the lungs so that it can be eliminated from the body.

How much of the personality is a social product versus a product of biology?

Great question! Anthropologists like to say that in humans, anything which isn't biological is cultural. This means that whatever behaviours we may have, including those which make up our personality, much of it is shaped by social and cultural learning. Behavior does have its roots in biology and our instinctive drive to fulfill certain needs- food, drink, sleep, shelter, and reproduction. Socialization, too, can be considered a need. Humans are highly social creatures, and socialization is so engrained in humans as an adaptive strategy that we do very poorly without it.

There have been some studies done on children who were deprived of social contact during their development. The most famous case is that of Genie, who spent almost all of her early life by herself in her room. In cases like this, where socialization does not play a significant part in development, biology takes charge. Genie has fascinated anthropologists and psychologists alike because she had essentially not learned any culture. Even her language capacity was minimal.

Where personality is influenced by biology, some behaviours or mannerisms are easy to explain. When we feel threatened emotionally or physically, we tend to act defensive so as to protect ourselves. Similarly, how outgoing or introverted someone is can be based on the amount of stress or feel-good hormones in response to socialization. It is difficult to draw many direct lines between personality and genetic programming towards increasing fitness. At our very cores, that is really what humans are trying to do in every action- survive. Culture and socialization serve to shape the unique ways we tackle the challenge of survival.

Because all humans have the same basic, biological needs, one could say that personality is almost entirely shaped by culture. There is some biological variation which can influence personality, as in someone with an anxiety disorder caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain. Beyond such physiological variation, personality is almost entirely cultural or social.

According to The Iliad, the Trojan War resulted from ?

According to Homer's masterpiece epic, the Iliad, the Trojan War began because Paris ran off with Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus. Previously, the goddess Aphrodite promised to give Paris--a Trojan prince-- the most beautiful woman on earth in return for declaring her the "fairest" of all the goddesses. Helen was the most beautiful woman on earth, and unfortunately for Menelaus, Paris met her when he traveled to Sparta on a diplomatic mission. Aphrodite kept her promise, and she caused Helen to fall in love with Paris and agree to run off with him to Troy.

This action outraged Menelaus; hospitality--required of both hosts and guests--was one of ancient Greece's most important social virtues. He called on the Greeks to invade Troy and help him regain Helen. Led by Menelaus' brother Agamemnon, the Greeks launched 1,000 ships against Troy and waged a decade-long war against the city.

Who or what is most responsible for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet in Shakespeare's tragic play?

The families are most to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Without their longstanding feud, the events of the play would very likely never have happened. 

From the first brawl at the opening of the play, we see a deep-seated aggression between the Capulets and the Montagues. Tybalt sums it up best: "I hate the word as I hate hell, all Montagues and thee." Tybalt's deep-seated rage against the other family leads him to take Romeo's presence at the Capulet party as an insult, and he will later challenge Romeo because of it. This blind hatred, exemplified by Tybalt but not unique to him, puts Romeo and Juliet in a position where they must take extraordinary measures to preserve their love.  Ultimately, they are unable to continue without each other, but it was the hatred of the families that set the circumstances for their ultimate demise. 

What do we mean when we say, "the chicken has come to roost"?

The phrase “the chicken has come home to roost” is an idiom or expression that means that bad things a person says or does will come back to hurt them.

The idea of a bird returned to its nest at night, or coming home to roost, representing bad actions coming back to haunt the perpetrator has been a common concept in English for centuries. The first time the idea (but not the exact phrase) appears in writing is in The Parson’s Tale, part of Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales.

The phrase as it stands today first appeared on the title page of Robert Southey’s poem The Curse of Kehama in 1810. The title page said “Curses are like young chicken: they always come home to roost."

Why did Major Morris tell the Whites to throw the paw in the fire? Why did Mr. White grab it out?

Major Morris already knows the way the Monkey's Paw works as he has seen the results of making wishes on it. He saw the first man wish for death with his third wish and he is open about his desire that he'd never seen it. He "solemnly" tells Mr. White that he "better let it burn." Once Mr. White snatches it out of the fire, Major Morris again suggests that he ought to "pitch it on the fire like a sensible man."

But Mr. White has not seen these consequences first hand. He cannot understand the terror that awaits and feels more of what his wife does about how it seems like "Arabian Nights," something exciting with great possibility. Despite the fact that he has "all [he] want[s]," he cannot throw away the opportunity the paw represents. He even recounts that Major Morris told him a third time that he ought to throw it away before he left but Mr. White simply couldn't do it.

`cos(u - v)` Find the exact value of the trigonometric expression given that sin(u) = 5/13 and cos(v) = -3/5 (both u and v are in quadrant II.)

Given `sin(u)=5/13,cos(v)=-3/5`

Angles u and v are in quadrant 2.

A right triangle can be drawn in quadrant 2. Since `sin(u)=5/13` you know that the side opposite of angle u is 5 and the hypotenuse is 13. Using the pythagorean theorem the third side of the triangle is 12.

A right triangle can be drawn in quadrant 2 since `cos(v)=-3/5` you know

that the side adjacent to angle v is 3 and the hypotenuse is 5. Using the pythagorean theorem the third side of the triangle is 4.

`cos(u-v)=cos(u)cos(v)+sin(u)sin(v)`

`cos(u-v)=(-12/13)(-3/5)+(5/13)(4/5)=36/65+20/65=56/65`

What are some improvements in acting from the Elizabethan era to today?

The matter of whether or not acting technique is better today than it was in the Elizabethan era is really a matter of artistic preference. One could argue that today, actors have the opportunity to take more time to "get into" character, and potentially work in character detail from a number of previous interpretations.

As for the conditions actors worked in, things are certainly much improved! In the Elizabethan era, theatres were typically cramped courtyards, though having freestanding theatres (such as the Globe) did become more common. Courtyard and freestanding theatres were often unhygienic as people left food scraps and personal waste on the ground. Gathering lots of people together in close quarters was also an exceptional means of spreading disease, like the plague.

Theatres built of wood frequently caught fire, which posed a big risk to the actors and patrons. Costuming had its dangers, as makeup contained hazardous materials like lead (as for white face paint) and mercury.

Actors were historically one of the lowest classes, along with sex workers and other people who "danced for their dinner." Being low-class in any society and time comes with its own stresses of health, safety, and survival. Women were not allowed to act, though today there is much more gender equality in acting and it is a desirable profession for many people of all genders.

What does Atticus Finch smell that affects him in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird?

In Chapter 17 of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout recalls last Christmas being near the Ewells' house close to the county dump and the "Negro settlement." Each year after Christmas, the Finch family is in that part of the county because the mayor of Maycomb has asked his citizens to "help the garbage collector by dumping [their] own trees and trash."

In her narrative, Scout specifically details remembering turning the car around in the front yards of the Negroes' cabins, which gave her a chance to observe the settlement. She describes their cabins as looking "neat and snug" and notes the smoke rising from their chimneys. But what affects Scout and Jem, as well as Atticus, the most are the "delicious smells" in the air, such as chicken, bacon, and squirrel. Atticus himself is able to identify the smells of possum and rabbit cooking, smells that Atticus is well familiar with as an "old countryman" and that have a longstanding history in Maycomb's Negro community. Scout further notes that all the wonderful aromas of the Negro settlement disappeared as they drove past Ewell's house.

Scout has these recollections just as Bob Ewell is taking the witness stand. Her recollections help place Ewell in his social class and characterize his level of humanity. Economically speaking, he is in the same social class as the Negroes. Yet, the aromas that surround the Negro settlement help classify the Negroes as being far more human and cultured than Ewell. Though the Negroes may be poor, they have enough sense to take what they can from the land and feed themselves well. Ewell doesn't have this same sense; his life revolves around drinking booze, doing what labors he must do, and abusing others. And, as Scout notes, his lack of humanity is reflected in the lack of aromas surrounding his home.

What happens in chapter 2 of Lyddie?

As chapter 2 opens, Lyddie and Charlie have received word from their mother that they have been hired out to pay off the family's debts. They make their preparations to leave, and they both arrive at their separate destinations: Charlie at the mill and Lyddie at the tavern. As they are getting ready to leave, they discuss the fact that the calf that has been born since their mother left belongs to them, so they decide to sell it and keep the money as "seed money" to start up farming again once the debts are paid and they can return. They then clean out the cabin and stack wood in front of the door to keep animals out. As they walk toward their destinations, they come to the Stevenses' farm. Mr. Stevens purchases their calf for $25 and invites them to dinner. Then Luke Stevens gives them a ride in his wagon so they don't have to walk the rest of the way. The Stevenses are Quakers, also known as Friends, which is why the chapter is called "Kindly Friends." The Stevenses treat the children with kindness and are sympathetic to their plight. Charlie returns their friendship easily, but Lyddie keeps them at arm's length. Like her mother, she is suspicious of the neighbors for being Quakers, and she feels awkward around Luke, who wears a "funny black hat."

Why was Gatsby's dream a colossal illusion?

In F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby was obsessed with Daisy Buchanan. But he was not in love with the real Daisy, but with an idealized, perfect woman who did not really exist. This is why his dream was an illusion--he spent his entire life to obtain someone who was not really as he imagined her.

Daisy Buchanan was a shallow, vain, self-centered woman who wanted a life of ease and luxury. She had been involved with Gatsby when they were both young, and he was poor. They lost touch and Daisy married Tom Buchanan, a very wealthy man. Gatsby was convinced that if only he had enough money, Daisy would leave Tom (and their daughter) and run away with him. Gatsby does indeed become fabulously wealthy, using various illegal means. He reinvents himself to become the mysterious, wealthy, society party-giver; he even changes his name from a more ethnic-sounding name (Jimmy Gatz) to one that is more socially acceptable. He does win Daisy back, but cannot see that she is not a person to be idealized. She is an indifferent mother to her daughter, stays with a husband she knows is cheating on her because of his money, and lets Gatsby take the blame for her hit-and-run murder of Myrtle Wilson. Gatsby still idealizes Daisy, even as she plans to leave with Tom and he, Gatsby, is shot to death by Myrtle's husband.

Who is Buddy's best friend?

In Truman Capote’s short story, “A Christmas Memory,” Buddy’s best friend is actually a distant cousin who lives in the same family home that he does.  In spite of their age difference, they are confidants. Buddy is a seven-year-old boy while she is a woman in her sixties, who endured a long illness when she was a child. In spite of her age, she is still child-like in her thoughts and actions. She is an innocent person with an intuition for things such as “fruitcake weather” based on what is occurring in her natural surroundings.

Buddy describes her as being white-haired and thin with a “craggy” face. He tells the reader that she is still “sprightly” in her movement.

Many years ago, when she was just a child, she lost her friend named Buddy, and that is why she calls the narrator by the same name. In her child-like manner, she replaced her lost friend with her young cousin.

`cot(v - u)` Find the exact value of the trigonometric expression given that sin(u) = -7/25 and cos(v) = -4/5 (Both u and v are in quadrant III.)

`sin(u)=-7/25`

using pythegorean identity,

`sin^2(u)+cos^2(u)=1`  

`(-7/25)^2+cos^2(u)=1`

`cos^2(u)=1-49/625=(625-49)/625=576/625`

`cos(u)=sqrt(576/625)=+-24/25`

Since u is in quadrant III , 

`:.cos(u)=-24/25`

`sin^2(v)+cos^2(v)=1`

`sin^2(v)+(-4/5)^2=1`

`sin^2(v)+16/25=1`

`sin^2(v)=1-16/25=(25-16)/25=9/25`

`sin(v)=sqrt(9/25)=+-3/5`

since v is in quadrant III,

`:.sin(v)=-3/5`

`cot(v-u)=cos(v-u)/sin(v-u)`

`cot(v-u)=(cos(v)cos(u)+sin(v)sin(u))/(sin(v)cos(u)-cos(v)sin(u))` 

plug in the values of sin(v),sin(u),cos(v) and cos(u),

`cot(v-u)=((-4/5*-24/25+(-3/5)*-7/25))/((-3/5*-24/25-(-4/5)*-7/25))`

`cot(v-u)=(96/125+21/125)/(72/125-28/125)`

`cot(v-u)=(117/125)/(44/125)`

`cot(v-u)=117/44`

What did Aunt Alexandra ask Atticus to point out to the children in Chapter 12?

Your question asks, "What did Aunt Alexandra ask Atticus to point out to the children in Chapter 12?" In Chapter 12, Calpurnia takes the children to First Purchase African M. E. Church and Aunt Alexandra is not mentioned. I think you meant to ask "What did Aunt Alexandra ask Atticus to point out to the children in Chapter 13?"

In Chapter 13, Aunt Alexandra asks Atticus to teach his children about their family history. Atticus approaches Jem and Scout before bedtime and says, "No, I just want to explain to you that---your Aunt Alexandra asked me...son, you know you're a Finch, don't you?" (Lee 177) Atticus attempts to explain the importance of being a "Finch" and teach his children some of their proud heritage. Scout mentioned that Aunt Alexandra was obsessed with heredity and holds the Finch family name in high esteem. She criticizes Atticus for his child-rearing techniques and wants him to teach Jem and Scout manners. Alexandra was offended when Jem elaborated on the made up story Atticus told him about Cousin Joshua. Atticus tries to explain that the Finches were not a "run-of-the-mill" family and were a result of several generations of "gentle breeding." The children notice that Atticus is acting differently, and Scout begins to cry. Atticus gives up on teaching his children about their family history because he thinks it is foolish. He tells his children to forget everything he said about their family history and jokes that he gets more like Cousin Joshua each day.

What is the purpose of the consumer price index?

A Consumer Price Index, or CPI, serves as a measurement of the change in price of goods and services purchased by households, specifically those in urban environments, such as food, transportation, and medical care. The CPI is not a precise measurement, but rather a statistical estimate based on the fluctuation in price of a subset of goods whose price is continuously monitored. The CPI serves primarily as a means of measuring the impact of inflation on an economy, and tracking the expenditures of "average" households. The CPI is generally computed on a monthly basis, allowing for a relatively fine-grained overview of the volatility of commonly purchased goods and services which are largely assumed to be of vital necessity to the consumer.

How did the New Deal and World War II change the way Americans viewed the federal government?

This question originally asked how the New Deal and World War I changed the way Americans viewed the federal government, but I assume, since World War II followed the New Deal chronologically, that it was really asking about World War II. Both the New Deal and World War II occasioned the largest expansion in the size and scope of government activity in the history of the United States. First to meet the challenges of the Great Depression, then to fight the Second World War, the government spent billions of dollars, created a dizzying array of bureaucratic institutions, and exercised sweeping powers, especially over economic activity, that were undreamed of in previous decades. 

How Americans viewed these activities is complex. The New Deal met with significant opposition, especially from conservative Republicans (and many Southern Democrats) who saw it as an unconstitutional intrusion into matters best left to the free market or at least to state governments. Others, like Huey Long and many African-American leaders, argued that the New Deal did not go far enough to address the needs of the people. Many saw it as what we might call today "corporate welfare" rather than direct relief for millions of suffering Americans. Still, a powerful "New Deal" coalition of labor unions, southern whites, African-Americans in the North, and many other disparate groups gave FDR a fairly powerful mandate to carry out his plans. 

During the war, opposition to the federal government was more hushed, though many--African-Americans in particular, decried the federal government's unfair practices in handing out wartime government jobs. Many Americans also protested government intrusions on civil liberties, especially free speech, and they complained, sometimes publicly, about the privations caused by rationing. There was, in fact, less of a consensus among Americans at the time than we may remember. But few would have said during the war, as they did during the New Deal, that the expansion of government activity represented a major threat, or that it signaled the rise of socialistic state planning. Rather, they saw it as a necessary measure to fight a war on a global scale. 

Who is Jimmy Lyons in "The War of the Wall" by Toni Cade Bambara?

In "The War of the Wall" by Toni Cade Bambara, Jimmy Lyons was a young man from the neighborhood where the narrator lives. He had gone off to fight in the Vietnam War and was killed. The kids had carved his name on the wall that the woman from New York was now painting. 

The children are not happy that this woman is painting the wall where they have played all their lives. They look at her as an outsider and want her to go away. She doesn't help anything with her attitude and demands, but the narrator's mother tells her and her cousin Lou, that the woman from New York just doesn't know any better.

In the end, the painter woman has created a mural on the wall--a mural that depicts many of the people in the community along with Civil Rights Movement leaders Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, and others. And there was an inscription:

"To the People of Taliaferro Street

I Dedicate This Wall of Respect

Painted in Memory of My Cousin

Jimmy Lyons" (Bambara 4)

Write based on the reading, what was everyday life like in the 14th century England for the serfs and the nobility? How were the common people's...

The story opens with Crispin recounting the events of his mother's burial. Our young protagonist is only thirteen, but for a boy living in 14th century England, he soon finds his life becoming more complicated than he would like. As matters stand, The Black Plague or The Great Mortality of 1348 has wiped out at a third of Europe's population. Whole villages in England have been reduced to ghost towns, with fields lying fallow and fires left untended at hearth-sides.

Meanwhile, Crispin is now bereft of both his parents. To make matters worse, the village steward, John Aycliffe, has just declared him a wolf's head; any man may kill him at will and be held blameless for the act. The steward has Crispin's hut torn down and has Father Quinel, the parish priest and the boy's only friend, murdered. Not only is Crispin burdened with questions about his birth and identity, he now has no one he can depend on. Fearing for his life, he takes the priest's advice and tries to run to one of the towns 'with its own liberties' in order to secure his freedom from servitude.

As the story continues, Crispin's personal struggles represent but a microcosmic slice of the overarching political and sociological turmoil threatening 14th century England. At the time, the oppressed were beginning to question the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and the nobility. Reformers like John Wycliffe proclaimed the singular authority of God and argued that the priesthood had become corrupt and unfit to hold the scepter of rule over religious matters.

The poor resented being forced to work on their lord's lands for two or three days a week without pay. They also chafed over arbitrary rules which saw them having to acquire permission for every necessary liberty. For example, the story highlights the fact that the lands in Stromford and surrounding areas are owned by Lord Furnival. In his absence, all authority is ceded to the steward, John Aycliffe. Every serf working Lord Furnival's lands from dawn to dusk is paid a pittance for his labor. The text highlights the difference in lifestyles between the nobility and the serfs.

There, on the river's law, tree-lined banks, stood our noble's house - Lord Furnival's manor - the grandest house I knew. It was where the steward had lived for many years in the absence of the knight. With stone walls two levels high and small windows, the manor was to me like a castle, high, mighty and impenetrable. Inside - I had never been allowed to enter, but I'd been told - was an arched hall with a long trestle table and benches, several sleeping rooms and a chapel. On the walls hung pictures of saints, along with ancient battle shields. The lower level was a large storage place meant for the wheat and other foods the village produced.

Everything - from the woods, the cottages, the manor house, the mill, the roads, the growing lands, the common, even the mum itself to the tiny crofts behind our cottages used for planting herbs and roots - everything belonged to Lord Furnival, who held it in the King's name. Indeed the steward said we belonged to our lord as well. Like all villagers, we were required to ask the steward's permission to be excused from work if ill, to grind our wheat or bake it, to buy or sell, to travel from our parish, to many, even to baptise our children.

Not only did the mill grind our wheat and barley - at a cost - it contained the ovens where we villagers, by the steward's decree, baked our bread, which required yet another fee.

To read more, please refer to:

Life in the Middle Ages for the nobility and serfs.

Feudalism and Medieval Life.

Serfs also had to work on the Church's lands for free several times a week. In addition, the Church instituted an oppressing tithing system on the poor; this, combined with dehumanizing labor on manorial lands prompted the serfs to eventually rise up in defense of their trampled rights.

You can read about the Peasants Revolt of 1381 here.

For life lessons that Crispin has learned, compare Bear and Crispin's opinions about faith and fate. You can then analyze how Crispin changes his mind about long held suppositions after the events of the last few chapters.

All these things ... your cross, your prayers. As God is near - and surely He always is - He needs no special words or objects to approach Him.

'But this cross -' I began. He cut me off. ‘I know what it is. It's made of lead, made in countless numbers during the Great Death. Never blessed, they were given to the dying as false comfort. They're as common as the leaves and just as sacred.'

'Crispin, as Jesus is my witness, churches, priests – they’re all unneeded. The only cross you need is the one in your heart.'

But what vexed me most was his saying that every man should be master of himself. If I knew anything, it was that all men belonged to someone. Surely God Himself put us all in our places. Lords to rule and fight. Clergy to pray. All the rest - like me - were on earth to labour, to serve our masters and our God.

Is salt a heterogeneous mixture, a compound or a homogenous mixture?

I believe, by salt you are referring to common salt or the salt we commonly use at home. This salt is chemically known as sodium chloride and has a chemical formula of NaCl. It is made up of atoms of two different elements, sodium and chlorine, a fixed 1:1 ratio. That is, each atom of sodium combines with an atom of chlorine in sodium chloride or common salt. Also, the properties if each individual atom is different than the properties of the salt molecules. Hence, common salt is a compound. Compounds are made up of elements, combined in a fixed ratio and has different properties than constituent atoms. Common salt exhibits both the characteristics.

In comparison, mixtures are made up of elements, where each element still retains its properties and it is easier to segregate the constituents.

Hope this helps.

What does the man called the Scarlet Pimpernel decide to do about the Revolution in France?

He was a member of the English aristocracy, and after the French Revolution of 1789, which overthrew the French aristocracy, he saw the imprisonment and execution of hundreds of members of the French aristocracy. The aristocracies of the two countries were closely linked and sympathetic to each other (often intermarried), and Percy decided he needed to save those who otherwise would have been subject to the brutal executions carried out by Robespierre. He assembled a group of fellow English nobility to enter France and rescue the French nobility facing death. He personally did so in disguise, so no one knew his identity (hence the name "The Scarlet Pimpernel"). In the book he took particular delight in carrying away condemned prisoners from right under the nose of the revolutionary forces. At that time in history, there was still hope that the revolution would founder and the French aristocracy would return to the throne, so part of the strategy was to protect the royal lineage and prepare the for a return. The novel was actually written in 1922, when such ideas of course were no longer being considered, but coming after the Great War and at a time when fantasy and romance were an important part of popular entertainment, this kind of story appealed to readers from a new perspective. 

Number 5: Find words and phrases from the story that give it a dream-like or surreal feeling. List them along with page references. Explain or...

I will answer question number five.  Page numbers will not be possible, because I am going through my version of the story which is contained within an anthology.  

For me, a genre that consistently feels dreamlike and surreal is the fantasy genre.  The reason for that is because it usually has a supernatural element, a creepy forest, strange creatures, and a journey.  "Young Goodman Brown" has each of those fantasy elements.  

The story has a supernatural element, because Goodman Brown is speaking and walking with the Devil.  It doesn't get more supernatural than Satan himself. The reader might suspect for some time that the man is the Devil, but Goodie Cloyse confirms it for Goodman Brown.  

The traveller put forth his staff and touched her withered neck with what seemed the serpent's tail. "The devil!" screamed the pious old lady.

Moments later the supernatural element is elevated when the Devil throws his staff on the ground and it turns into an actual serpent.  

So saying, he threw it down at her feet, where, perhaps, it assumed life, being one of the rods which its owner had formerly lent to the Egyptian magi.

The dreamlike feel of the story is enhanced at this point, because Goodman Brown isn't sure if what he is seeing is really happening or not.  

Of this fact, however, Goodman Brown could not take cognizance. He had cast up his eyes in astonishment, and, looking down again, beheld neither Goody Cloyse nor the serpentine staff, but his fellow-traveller alone, who waited for him as calmly as if nothing had happened.

The story does have a "creepy" dreamlike forest in the story as well.  The forest is described very early on as Goodman Brown leaves his wife that evening and enters the forest.  

He had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through, and closed immediately behind. It was all as lonely as could be; and there is this peculiarity in such a solitude, that the traveller knows not who may be concealed by the innumerable trunks and the thick boughs overhead; so that with lonely footsteps he may yet be passing through an unseen multitude.

The description leaves the reader feeling that the forest is enchanted or alive. It's almost like the trees are strange living creatures of thought and action.  The text says that the trees "stood aside" and "closed behind" him.  That paragraph also contains words like "gloomiest," "peculiarity," "dreary," and "darkened."  Everything about the paragraph makes the forest feel like a forest from nightmares.  Not a forest full of happy fairies. 

Before Goodman Brown steps foot in the forest, he recalls his conversation with his wife, and the reader is given a reminder of the dream motif.  

She talks of dreams, too. Methought as she spoke there was trouble in her face, as if a dream had warned her what work is to be done tonight.

 As for my last requirement for a dreamlike, surreal, fantasy world (a journey), Young Goodman Brown is on trip to meet someone.  But an important word for me is the word "journey" itself.  People don't use that word in normal conversation.  Even if I'm going on a road trip, I don't tell my friends that I'm going on a "journey."  "Young Goodman Brown" though, uses that exact word.  

"Dearest heart," whispered she, softly and rather sadly, when her lips were close to his ear, "prithee put off your journey until sunrise and sleep in your own bed to-night.

For me, the word "journey" and "quest" are essentially the same thing.  Those are words reserved for surreal, fantasy worlds.  

What are advantages and disadvantages of the Appalachain Mountains

All mountains have advantages and disadvantages, so I will try to stick to those specific to the Appalachian Mountains.

One major advantage of the Appalachian Mountains is their beauty. Many national, state, and local parks preserve the landscape, including the famous Appalachian Trail, or the AT. The AT runs from Springer Mountain, GA to Mount Katahdin, ME, roughly 2,200 miles (3,500 km). It passes through Great Smokey Mountain National Park, the most visited national park in the United States.

Another advantage is the natural resources. Timber and coal are abundant, giving the mountains a reputation for industry. However, these have also turned into a disadvantage, particularly the latter. The impact of coal mining, both locally and globally, is very negative. This dependence on coal has led to poor economic performance, particularly in West Virginia.

Another disadvantage is the inaccessible people. Many live in "hollows," valleys that are often only reachable by one lane roads. This helps perpetuate the depressed economic conditions. Since school, work, and medical care are harder to access, illiteracy and unemployment remain high.

What does Macbeth name as the sole reason for wishing to kill duncan?

In Act I, Scene 7, Macbeth is apparently trying to talk himself out of going ahead with the murder of King Duncan. In his soliloquy he names all the possible reasons why he should not do it. He foresees serious consequences. The killing would not be the be-all and the end-all. He would be setting a bad example which others could follow. He has an obligation as Duncan's host and kinsman to protect him, not kill him. Duncan has been an admirable king. His murder would arouse widespread outrage. Macbeth concludes this soliloquy by saying:

I have no spur
To prick the sides of my intent, but only
Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself
And falls on the other—

He has no legitimate excuse for murdering King Duncan. His sole reason for wishing to kill him is his ambition. By calling it "vaulting ambition," Macbeth seems to be using the image of a rider who is showing off by jumping onto his horse's back but jumps too high in his swaggering and falls on the other side.

When Lady Macbeth appears, her husband tries to explain why he does not want to go through with the planned assassination. He gives another reason to add to all the others he has thought of for not killing Duncan. He tells his wife:

We will proceed no further in this business:
He hath honor'd me of late, and I have bought
Golden opinions from all sorts of people,
Which would be worn now in their newest gloss,
Not cast aside so soon.

He is saying, in effect, that their ambitions should be at least temporarily satisfied with all the honors he has received. But her ambition is greater than his. She overwhelms his rational arguments with an emotional personal attack. She reminds him that they have Duncan under their roof and at their mercy--something which might never happen again.

In chapter ten of To Kill a Mockingbird, what does Atticus do that makes him a hero to his children?

Atticus's children are impressed when he shoots a rabid dog with one shot.

Atticus’s children do not find him very impressive. To them, he is “nearly fifty” and feeble. He does not play tackle football with Jem. They find themselves wishing for a younger father, or at least a more interesting one.

Besides that, he wore glasses. He was nearly blind in his left eye, and said left eyes were the tribal curse of the Finches. Whenever he wanted to see something well, he turned his head and looked from his right eye. (Ch. 10)

It takes a major event for the children to realize that Atticus is not worthless after all. When he gets them guns for Christmas, he tells them to only shoot cans and not mockingbirds. He also tells them never to aim their guns at people when he catches them aiming at Miss Maudie. He is not very excited about the guns, but is only bowing to the inevitable. Every Southern child learns to shoot!  

However, Atticus can shoot a gun remarkably well himself when he has to. One day a rabid dog named Tim Johnson threatens the town of Maycomb. Heck Tate, the sheriff, gives the gun to Atticus because Atticus is a better shot, and the dog needs to come down with one shot.

Atticus shook his head vehemently: “Don’t just stand there, Heck! He won’t wait all day for you—”

“For God’s sake, Mr. Finch, look where he is! Miss and you’ll go straight into the Radley house! I can’t shoot that well and you know it!” (Ch. 10)

Atticus first objects that he has not shot a gun in thirty years, but he is still One-Shot Finch. He shoots the dog in one shot and ends the danger to the town. His children have an enormous newfound respect for him. Their father is not boring after all!

The dog is symbolic. Atticus is the only one that can shoot it, just as he is the only one who can take Tom Robinson’s case. While Atticus does not win the case, he does make people stop and think. In doing so, Atticus makes some headway against killing what really threatens Maycomb—racial prejudice.

`sin(135 - 30), sin(135) - sin(30)` Find the exact value of the expression.

`sin(135^0 - 30^0) = sin 135^0* cos 30^0 - cos 135^0 * sin 30^0 `

(we know that

`= sin (90+45) * cos 30 - cos(90+45) *sin 30^0 `

 `=cos 45^0 * cos 30 - (-sin 45^0) * sin 30^0`

`= 1/sqrt2 * sqrt3/2 +1/sqrt2 * 1/2 `

`= (sqrt3+1)/(2sqrt2) = 0.9661 `

lets check with direct values. `sin(105^0) = 0.9659 ~~ 0.966` ``

Next expression is

`sin(135^0) - sin (30^0) `

`sin(135^0) - sin (30^0) = sin(90^0 +45^0) - sin 30^0 `

                                       ` = cos 45^0 - sin30^0`

                                        `= 0.2071`

What is the page number where it describes how in the controlled society of The Giver people are assigned positions that the Chief Elder assigns...

The community assigns people jobs based on careful observation of their predispositions.

In Jonas’s community, people do not just go out job hunting when they become adults.  Instead, children are assigned their occupation for life when they turn twelve.  In order to determine what job each person should have, the community observes each child carefully in the years leading up to the Ceremony of Twelve.

During the past year he had been aware of the increasing level of observation. In school, at recreation time, and during volunteer hours, he had noticed the Elders watching him and the other Elevens. He had seen them taking notes. (Ch. 2, p. 16)

All children volunteer from the age of eight in various places in the community.  Based on their volunteer hours, their schoolwork, and observation, a committee of elders determines their chief personality traits and predispositions to certain careers.  The assignments are announced to the entire community at the Ceremony of Twelve.

It seems like most of these assignments are a success.  For example, Jonas’s father had often volunteered in the Nurturing center and they saw that he was good with babies.  He was assigned to be a Nurturer, the people who care for infants from birth to age one.  It seems a good fit, because he has a teensy bit more compassion than most others in his community.

"Were any of the Elevens disappointed, your year?" Jonas asked.  Unlike his father, he had no idea what his Assignment would be. …

His father thought. "No, I don't think so. Of course the Elders are so careful in their observations and selections." (Ch. 2, p. 17)

Unlike our society, where people might choose the wrong profession and only realize it after years of schooling, or end up unemployed, in Jonas’s community everyone has a stable job.  Training begins right after the Ceremony of Twelve, and the children attend regular school less and less and training for their new assignments more and more until they go to work full time.

Which pair of words best describes Prince Prospero in Poe's short story "Masque of the Red Death?"

If you are asking for two words that effectively describe Prince Prospero, the monarch who is the protagonist of this story, then it might be hard to narrow it down to only two. But if I were to choose only two words, they would be "arrogant" and "inventive."

Prince Prospero's arrogance is connected to his social position as a monarch who rules over the villagers who live nearby. He stages an elaborate ball in his fine castle, to distract the people of the kingdom from the fact that the horrible disease known as "the Red Death" is likely to infect and kill them all. The guests he invites are upper class and possessed of wealth, like the Prince himself. It is his arrogance that allows him to plan his social event without worrying whether anyone present is in danger of infection from the dreaded disease; because he believes that his wealth (and that of his guests), as well as his position of power, make him immune to the kinds of dangers experienced by people of lower social stature. This arrogance can be said to apply to the guests as well; on some level this story is a commentary on social class.

The prince is also inventive, because the event he creates is designed for dramatic effect and cleverly addresses the situation (i.e. the danger of the epidemic) without calling direct attention to it. Each chamber of his palace is decorated with a different color, and the walls, draperies and furnishings are all done in that color, including rooms entirely in green, blue, etc. The final room is done in blood red and is meant to remind the party-goers of the Red Death that waits beyond the castle walls, but that is presumably not present within the party itself. When a masked figure representing the Red Death arrives, Prospero angrily demands he be punished for his offense. However, even the rich and powerful cannot escape their mortality: the disease does indeed affect the guests and the event is marked by chaos and tragedy.

What moral lessons are emphasized in "The Gift of the Magi"?

O. Henry's short story "The Gift of the Magi" is among the simplest and most elegant short stories in American literature. The surprise ending was one of O. Henry's favorite literary devices. Stressing the idea that love is more valuable than gifts, the story revolves around a poor couple, Della and Jim, who possess only two things of material value--her long, lustrous hair and his gold watch. Their love of these objects inspires them to act in slightly foolish and arrogant ways, as O. Henry writes: "Had the queen of Sheba lived in the flat across the airshaft, Della would have let her hair hang out the window some day to dry just to depreciate Her Majesty's jewels and gifts. Had King Solomon been the janitor, with all his treasures piled up in the basement, Jim would have pulled out his watch every time he passed, just to see him pluck at his beard from envy." 

To buy a watch chain for Jim, Della sacrifices her hair, which she sells. Meanwhile, Jim sells his watch to buy Della hair combs. He is shocked to see Della without her long hair, but he quickly explains that he loves her no matter what. He is only surprised because she cannot enjoy the combs he bought her. She shows him his new watch chain, but he puts off telling her that he has sold his watch. They have two gifts for Christmas that they cannot use at the moment.

The story concludes with O. Henry's reference to the magi, the wise men who brought Jesus gifts on the first Christmas. He says, "But in a last word to the wise of these days let it be said that of all who give gifts these two were the wisest." He means that Della and Jim have shown that they are willing to sacrifice what each cares about most for the other. While their Christmas gifts did not work out, they have the ultimate gift of knowing that they love each other and value each other more than they value their material possessions. While poor, they are, simply put, rich in love. 

Why is lying not allowed in The Giver?

There is no specific quote that tells us this answer, so we can only make an assumption based on some of the other information we know about the community.

Because the community prioritizes Sameness, we can assume that lying would undermine that system. For everyone to be effectively the same, it would make sense that everyone would need to tell the truth. For example, let's say that a child was late to school and lied to his parents about it. The teacher's story and the child's story would not be the same. This is one small example, but it shows that the uniformity of everything is important in this community. This is also another way in which the community elders maintain control. If people are allowed to lie, they can lie to authorities as well, and those authorities would lose control.

Jonas is told that he can lie and we could imagine how this might be crucial to his role as a Receiver of Memories. If someone were to ask him something that he really should not divulge without risking that person knowing too much, it would probably be in the best interest if he were to lie. 

What are some quotes by the women of Sealand that teach David tolerance?

Almost everyone in Sealand is telepathic, and they feel sorry for people who aren’t but do not discriminate against them.

David and his friends are telepathic.  This means that they communicate with each other through their minds, using what they call "think-pictures."  It also means that they are considered deviants and abominations by their society.  David’s own father considers him as such, and his uncle is already living in the Fringes.  David runs away, along with his girlfriend Rosalind and the other telepaths who have survived.

The telepaths begin to get communications from a Sealanders.  They do not know what the messages are trying to tell that at first.  They get visions of an “L” for Labrador, an “S” and a “Z.”   They learn that Sealand is very far away, because it is not night there.  They also learn that Sealanders are much more tolerant.

'Sealand must be a funny place. Everybody there can make think-pictures — well, nearly everybody — and nobody wants to hurt anybody for doing it.' (Ch. 13)

The Sealanders do not target people just for being telepathic.  Not only that, their way of communicating is not uncommon.  David and the others realize that they have found kindred spirits.

The Sealanders tell Petra that in their country, making “think-pictures” is actually a prized skill, and everyone wants to be able to do it.  According to the Sealand woman, “people who can only talk with words have something missing.”  She tells them to feel sorry for the people who are not telepathic.  This is a very different point of view from the harsh treatment they are used to. 

It seems that the Sealanders possess empathy.  The Sealand woman tries to teach it to them through think-pictures.

' I can't say I feel very sorry for them at present,' I remarked.

'Well, she says we ought to because they have to live very dull, stupid lives compared with think-picture people,' Petra said, somewhat sententiously. (Ch. 13)

The Sealanders clearly disapprove of David’s community’s True Image and the tyrannical imposition of religious dogma.  With them, the telepaths will be welcomed with open arms and treated well.  They will never be persecuted for being different.

Although life has been very hard for the telepaths, the conversation with the Sealand women is the light at the end of the tunnel.  It shows them that they can be valued, and that they will not have to live in fear anymore--at least as long as they can get free of their own people.

Explain the significance of the barn in the novel as a whole.

In Animal Farm, the barn acts as an important symbol for two reasons.

First of all, the barn represents the animals' vision of utopia. It is the scene of Major's speech in Chapter One, for example, in which he talks of the inhumanity of man and the need for revolution. It is also the place in which he teaches the animals the song "The Beasts of England." Similarly, it is also the scene of Mr Jones' cruelty, when he fires shots at the barn to silence the animals during this meeting.

The Seven Commandments are also inscribed on the end wall of the barn. Again, these commandments represent the utopian ideals of the animals. They envisage a society in which animals are not dominated by man and thus emphasise equality and liberty.

Secondly, the barn is symbolic of the loyalty and dedication of the working animals on Animal Farm. As the leadership of the pigs intensifies, for example, they move further away the barn and it is left to those who perform the majority of the work. This occurs in Chapter Six and is justified by Squealer as being necessary for all the "brainwork" they have to do during the day. Over time, the pigs completely remove themselves from the barn, a move that is symbolic of their social distinction, and which spells disaster for the other animals.

Where does the author use logos in "To His Coy Mistress"?

In literary study, "logos" usually refers to an argument or statement which is used to persuade an imagined audience. Reason is the primary method by which the narrator makes his or her case. Thus, we can say that Marvell's entire poem is an example of logos, in that an argument is developed and deployed. Life, the narrator claims, is short ("But at my back I always hear / Time's winged chariot drawing near" [22]); therefore, he and his Mistress should enjoy "the youthful hue" (33) while it lasts.

The poem is also laid out in a very reasonable way—the narrator begins with a fantasy of an endless life in which there is no hurry, dispels it by invoking the reality of death, then ends with the assertion that, since life is fleeting, not one moment should be wasted (that is, the Mistress should not "refuse" [8] his love any longer).

I need a summary of George Orwell's Animal Farm.

Old Major, a boar, gathers the animals together after a dream he had.  He tells the animals that they need to work towards freedom from their human oppressors. He says things like, humans are the only animals that produce nothing.  He also teaches them a song - "Beasts of England."

The animals receive Old Major’s vision with great enthusiasm, but Old Major dies in chapter two. Afterwards Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer formulate his main ideas into a philosophy called Animalism.

Animals such as Boxer are devoted. For example, Boxer's motto is “I will work harder.” Things seems perfect, until there is conflict between Snowball and Napoleon. Snowball is ousted and Napoleon takes over, and he becomes more tyrannically and belies the principles of animalism. The most egregious action is when Boxer is sold off to be slaughtered when he can no longer work. 

Finally, Napoleon changes the name of the farm back to Manor Farm, and the principles of animalism are reduced to one statement: "all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others."

By this time, the pigs morph into humans. 

What is one metaphor that Juliet uses to describe the night in Romeo and Juliet?

In Act II, Scene 2 of Romeo and Juliet, we find the two young lovers engaged in conversation in the Capulets' garden after the ball has ended. Juliet has just professed her love for Romeo while standing on her balcony, not knowing that he has overheard her words from his hiding place below. Upon learning that she is not alone and that Romeo has listened to her private thoughts spoken aloud, she initially fears for his safety if he should be caught there and then she chastises him for spying on her. She is also embarrassed that he has overheard her true feelings for him and she says:

"Thou knowest the mask of night is on my face;                                          Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheek                                               For that which thou hast heard me speak tonight."  (lines 85 - 87)

In the first line of this quote she compares the night to a mask, which conceals her awkward humiliation, and this is an example of a metaphor that is used to describe night.       

What are advantages for designer babies? Are there more pros than cons? Should i be against it?

It would be impossible to list out every single pro and con and then decide whether there are more pros and cons. Also, some factors may be more important to you so there are several things you should consider before making an informed opinion. I will answer your first question, and list out potential advantages, although this will not be an exhaustive list.

The most obvious advantage for "designer babies", or being able to select for certain traits in offspring, would be for medical purposes. Certain diseases, like Down's syndrome or cystic fibrosis, can be prevented by selecting for embryos that do not carry the mutation. There is also a lot of evidence now that certain genes predispose for certain diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases or cancer. These diseases can potentially be eliminated, or at least reduced, through designer babies.

Another advantage, although this is a more ethically ambiguous topic, is being able to select for non-medically related traits. For example, parents would be able to choose the sex, hair color, eye color, etc of their child. Even though genetics does not dictate all of our traits (nurture, or environment also plays an important role), this would in theory allow parents to pre-determine what their child will look or behave like, to some extent.

There are many ethical questions to consider when you are trying to decide whether you are for or against this issue. For example, should parents be allowed to select for traits of their child? Most people would not have a problem against selecting for healthy children, but where do you draw the line whether something is necessary or just desirable? What does this mean for parents who are unable to afford to "design" their babies? What will a society of "designed" and "normal" children be like?

In short, the technology behind designer babies has huge potential to eliminate or reduce many diseases, but the ethical issues and regulation around the use of this technology remains controversial.

How does Anne Frank criticize the attitude of the grown-ups in her diary?

Anne is constantly criticizing the grown-ups, which include her parents, the Van Daans, and Mr. Dussel.  She feels that they are too involved in her life, overly critical, and clueless.  Grown-ups have an opinion about everything, but never listen to hers.

Anne often feels that the grown-ups shouldn’t tell her what to do because they are acting immature themselves.  She comments on Mr. and Mrs. Van Daan’s quarrels, saying “I think it's odd that grown-ups quarrel so easily and so often and about such petty matters” (Monday, September 28,1942).  Being in such close quarters with another family and in such trying circumstances obviously weighs on the Van Daans, who often fight with each other or with Anne. 

Anne is particularly annoyed with the comments about the growing relationship she has with Peter.  

The grown-ups are such idiots! As if Peter, Margot, Bep and I didn't all have the same feelings. The only thing that helps is a mother's love, or that of a very, very close friend. But these two mothers don't understand the first thing about us! (Thursday, March 2, 1944) 

She feels like the grown-ups continually give her unneeded and unwanted advice, and make comments and jokes about the time she spends with Peter.  Peter tells her they are just jealous of what he and Anne have.  Their relationship is definitely under close scrutiny. 

In fact, everything about Anne is under close scrutiny.  

[After] years of being adored, it was hard for me to adjust to the harsh reality of grown-ups and rebukes. But Father and Mother are largely to blame for my having to put up with so much. At home they wanted me to enjoy life, which was fine, but here they shouldn't have encouraged me to agree with them and only shown me "their" side of all the quarrels and gossip. (Saturday, March 25, 1944) 

She feels like all of the adults think that they should be able to tell her what to do.  She battles constantly with her mother at first, but gradually that eases off as she gets older and they start to think of her as more grown-up.  She also faces criticism from Dussel, which annoys her because he doesn’t have any children.

Anne and Peter feel that the grown-ups should understand that the war affects them more, as "ideals, dreams and cherished hopes rise within us, only to be crushed by grim reality." The adults have had their chance.  Anne and Peter are growing up in hiding, and they may not survive.

Anne blames the grown-ups of the world for causing the war in the first place.  She says that she feels that people are "really good at heart," but she also is irritated that she may not get to achieve all she wants (Saturday, July 15, 1944).

What is the difference between a literary text (such as a short story or a novel) and a film?

A short story or novel can be read in as much or as little time as the reader wants to linger over the details. The reader fills in the gaps of the writer's descriptions. A film, by contrast, has a fixed length (We can disregard the opportunities new media give us to play back favorite scenes or fast-forward through others) and the viewer is spoon-fed the visuals. One isn't necessarily better or deeper than the other, but they are not comparable experiences.

Consider Frankenstein. It has been adapted to film on many occasions and some of these films are wonderful art in their own right, but none of them accurately adapts the novel. The 1931 film (probably the best-known) keeps a brisk pace, is set in an era contemporary to that of the viewers, shows a monster with a flat head and bolts in his neck, and gives us a shorthand account of the relationship between Victor and Elizabeth. In the source novel, set in the 1790s, the reader is brought along as the story is told at a leisurely pace. We're given vague and inconsistent physical descriptions of the monster. Victor spends long stretches of time taking "coaching tours" of Europe while considering the practical issues of making a monster, and another one to consider how to craft its bride. From his lab in Ingoldstadt and from his coaching tours, he writes passionate letters to Elizabeth but actually only spends a few days total with her during the course of his adult life. This is ideal for the various ideas and themes Mary Shelley develops, but these elements make for terrible cinema. The action scenes are far apart and only last a few pages each. Frankenstein is difficult to faithfully adapt and it might not be worth the effort to do so. Film and prose are different media with different needs.

Again, one isn't necessarily better than the other. Sometimes the book's author also writes the screenplay for the film, and both are of comparable quality (True Confessions and The Pope of Greenwich Village are examples of this). Sometimes the film version is actually superior to the book (The Godfather, for example, or The Graduate). This usually happens when a strong film director adapts a weak novel or story.

Ultimately, a prose work has a single writer as its sole author. A film is a collaborative effort involving dozens or hundreds of participants. Its primary author is the director, not the screenwriter, and it will involve a lot of compromises from the director's original vision (and even more from the script, or the source story if there is one). A book is generally the purer vision of a single writer. This alone is a huge difference between the two media.

What impact did the oil crises of 1973 and 1979 have on the North American economy/society?

One major short-term impact was that these oil crises contributed to significant inflation that lasted more or less throughout the 1970s. Rising fuel prices tend to affect all sectors of the economy, causing increased production and distribution costs that are passed on consumers who are already paying more for fuel for their personal and household needs. This occurred at a time when the economy was already sluggish; indeed it contributed to the economic slowdown. 

Another impact in the short term was that the United States engaged in serious diplomatic efforts to end the conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors. American support for the Israelis had been a major reason why the OPEC nations implemented the embargo in the first place, and while the efforts obviously failed to bring about lasting peace in the region, some diplomatic inroads were made, especially by Presidents Nixon and Carter. 

A longer-term impact was that the crisis raised awareness of the need for fuel conservation on the one hand, and what would become known as "energy independence" on the other. To achieve the first goal, the United States government implemented fuel efficiency regulations on automobile manufacturers and (temporarily, as it turned out) imposed a national maximum speed limit of 55 MPH. Market forces also contributed to the rise of fuel efficient cars, as consumers demanded cars that needed less fuel. To achieve the second, the United States began to pursue some alternative energy measures, but mainly to locate new sources of oil, and, most significantly for future generations, to step up its diplomatic and later military presence in the Middle East.

Throughout the sixth part of The Book Thief, Death reveals more info about himself. How does this help explain his fascination with Liesel?

Liesel provides Death with distraction and moments of beauty.

Death is haunted by humans.  In this chapter, we learn a little more about why.  He explains that he is not the stereotypical image of the bringer of death that we picture, like the Grim Reaper.  He is a more complex presence.  Death doesn't bring death, he cleans up after it.  He also never gets time off, and has to see sadness and pain everywhere.  The reader feels sorry for Death, rather than being afraid of him!

They keep triggering inside me. They harass my memory. I see them tall in their heaps, all mounted on top of each other. There is air like plastic, a horizon like setting glue. There are skies manufactured by people, punctured and leaking, and there are soft, coal-colored clouds, beating like black hearts. (Part 6, Ch. 41)

Death worries about the “leftover humans.”  He has to face humans in their last moments, or after their last moments, all of the time.  Yet some of them stick with him.  Death tries to focus on colors, taking little micro-vacations in the beauty around him, but it doesn’t always work.

In Liesel, Death finds these “strewn pieces of beauty.” 

She’s carrying some snow down to a basement, of all places. Handfuls of frosty water can make almost anyone smile, but it cannot make them forget. (Part 6, Ch. 41)

Liesel is clever, compassionate, and troubled.  She is haunted by death, just as Death is haunted by her.  From the moment Death comes for her brother, the two are linked.  Liesel captures Death’s imagination and her attention.  He finds a vacation in her, because she is a beautiful person.  He reviews the moments of her life and enjoys watching her as if he is her friend.

In Liesel, Death sees one of his leftover humans.  She saw her brother die, and Death was there.  Yet Liesel makes the best of some really bad situations.  In Nazi Germany, suffering is everywhere.  Liesel is a bright spot in the darkness.

How does pH affect soil fertility and how is this related to plant growth?

Soil is an important resource that can take hundreds of years to form. Plants rely on soil to obtain nutrients along with water and gases. The pH of soil ranges between 4 and 8 and an optimum soil pH is somewhere between 6 and 7 for plants to be able to grow. Different pH values can affect properties of soil including the rate that certain nutrients leach out of the soil. The reason for this is that certain nutrients are more or less soluble at different pH values.

To maintain the fertility of soil, the process of decomposition, carried out by bacteria and fungi returns organic and inorganic materials back to the soil. The use of fertilizers can increase soil fertility as well. Methods used by farmers to increase fertility include--contour plowing, strip cropping, terracing and crop rotation which all helps to decrease erosion while at the same time preserve soil fertility. Conservation tillage leaves remnants of the previous year's crops on the field helps to maintain fertility, decrease erosion and holds water in the soil. If a soil contains particles of clay which have a negative charge, these will attract positively charged particles of calcium, magnesium, ammonia among others which helps to maintain soil fertility. Clay soils can hold nutrients very well and loam which is a mixture of sand, silt and clay particles also can hold nutrients in place.

Soils can be divided into types known as Orders and these differ based on the area in which they have formed and from what materials are found in these soils. Some of the 12 Orders include: spodosols, mollisols, aridosols, oxisols and alfisols. A spodosol is not great to use for farmland because of the acidic pH due to a leaf litter composed of coniferous trees' needles which are acidic when they break down. The nutrients leach through the soil therefore, it has poor fertility. To contrast, an alfisol which forms in temperate deciduous forests has high soil fertility which is maintained by the leaf litter because trees in these temperate areas lose their leaves each fall and then decompose adding nutrients back to the soil.

Soil fertility is in a delicate balance and must be maintained by natural processes along with the prudent use of conservation practices and fertilizers so that this important resource is available for future use.

In That was Then, This is Now, what did Mark mean when he told Bryon that he had found a shirt "out in the street"? What was Bryon's reaction to this?

In Chapter 3, Bryon is getting ready to go to a school dance and is unsure what to wear. Bryon mentions that it is a casual dance and Mark is dressed right for the occasion. When Mark asks Bryon what he is going to wear, Bryon shrugs and says, "I don't know yet" (Hinton 48). As Mark is leaving the house, he yells, "I found this shirt out in the street, and it's lying on the bed if you want to see it" (Hinton 48). Bryon walks into the room and looks at the shirt Mark had "found." Bryon mentions that the shirt was dark blue and just his size. He wonders whether Mark bought it or stole it, and comments that "they were the same thing to Mark" (Hinton 49). Mark saying the he found the shirt on the street is a humorous way of telling Bryon that he stole the shirt. Mark has no regard for rules and does not know the difference between right and wrong which is why finding and stealing are essentially synonymous in his mind. Bryon decides to forget about it and says, "After all, it's the thought that counts" (Hinton 49). Byron simply accepts Mark's gift knowing that the shirt was stolen and decides not to question or confront Mark.

I need to find a short summary of the novel The Monk by Matthew Gregory Lewis.

The Monk by Matthew Gregory Lewis was published in 1796 and is considered one of the classic exemplars of the late eighteenth-century Gothic Romance. It is set in Madrid, Spain, and has a complex and violent plot. The extreme villains of the piece are members of the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy and the Spanish Inquisition appears as a harsh and terrifying force as well.  Thus the novel, as well as offering lurid entertainment, panders to the English anti-Catholicism of the period. The novel's plot revolves around three romantic pairings: Ambrosio/Matilda, Antonia/Don Lorenzo, and Agnes/Don Raymond.

The monk of the title is Ambrosio who was left on the doorstep of the Abbey as a baby; he is actually the brother of Antonia. He is 30 at the time the novel begins, a popular preacher, and sexually innocent. Matilda is an evil sorceress who disguises herself as a young male novice named Rosario and joins the monastery because she is in love with (or at least physically desires) Ambrosio. Matilda manages to seduce Ambrosio, and he discovers that he rather enjoys the sexual act, but quickly becomes bored with Matilda and desires to sleep with Antonia, one of his young parishioners.

Antonia is a young innocent girl of 15 who is in love with Don Lorenzo. Ambrosio, aided by Matilda's magic, manages to rape and abduct and eventually kill Antonia, who dies in Lorenzo's arms just as he has manged to break into the crypt to rescue her.

Meanwhile, Agnes, who is unmarried but pregnant with Raymond's child, thinks Raymond has abandoned her, and joins a convent. Ambrosio condemns her to harsh punishment for her lack of virginity. She is imprisoned in a dungeon and tortured, but nonetheless gives birth to a baby and is rescued during a riot as her cries and those of her baby lead Lorenzo to her. She is nursed back to health, and eventually marries Raymond.

Ambrosio and Matilda are imprisoned by the Spanish Inquisition but Matilda's sorcery enables them to escape. Lucifer kills Ambrosio. 

After the Trojan War, what does Zeus do to Odysseus?

While Zeus certainly makes things difficult for Odysseus after the Trojan War, it might be better to consider what Poseidon, god of the sea, does to Odysseus. While Zeus is often less than fond of the wily king of Ithaca, he doesn't hate him nearly as much as Poseidon does (although he also doesn't like him as much Athena, Odysseus' most avid fan on Mt. Olympus). 

In a nutshell, Zeus does two main things to Odysseus after the cunning warrior leaves Troy. He destroys Odysseus' ships after the king's men blasphemously feast on Helios' sacred cattle, and then he allows Odysseus to fall under the spell of Circe and be trapped on Ogygia for seven years. Zeus committed this latter action to appease Poseidon, Odysseus' primary antagonist (other than the ill-fated suitors, of course). Poseidon is mostly furious with Odysseus because the king of Ithaca blinded Poseidon's son, the monstrous Cyclops Polyphemus. After this incident, Poseidon makes it his priority to hassle Odysseus and make his return journey as difficult as possible. Thus, while Zeus often harries Odysseus, he often does so on the request of Poseidon, Odysseus' real adversary.  

An element has an atomic number of 71. What is it's mass?

There's not a mathematical relationship between the atomic number and mass of an element. If you locate element number 71 on the periodic table you will find that it is lutetium and that it has an average atomic mass of 174.97 amu or grams per mole. The mass number of an atom is the sum of its protons and neutrons.

There are different isotopes of Lutetium. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different masses because they have different numbers of neutrons. All lutetium atoms have 71 protons. There are two naturally occcuring isotopes: Lutetium-175 with 104 neutrons and and lutetium-174 with 103 neutrons. Their approximate masses are therefore 175 and 174 respectively. The average mass is approximately 175 because 97.4% of the lutecium in nature is Lu-175. It's a weighted average based on the abundance of each isotope.

There are many non-naturally occcuring isotopes of lutetium that are short-lived nuclear decay products. They have masses ranging from 150 to 184.

Why was Stanley surprised when he returned to his hole after visiting the warden?

Stanley is surprised to see his hole mostly dug for him.

Stanley was sent to Camp Green Lake juvenile detention center for supposedly stealing an athlete’s shoes.  He actually found them (they landed on him).  Camp Green Lake is not a camp, there is no lake, and nothing is green.  It is run by a female warden who is quite scary.

The person you've got to worry about is the Warden. There's really only one rule at Camp Green Lake: Don't upset the Warden." (Ch. 5)

All the boys do is dig holes all day.  They have to dig a hole as wide and deep as the shovel.  If they find something, they show it to the warden and get the day off.

Stanley gets taken to see the warden one day for stealing sunflower seeds.  Magnet is the one who stole them.  The warden is not impressed with Stanley being taken take to her for something so insignificant.  Mr. Sir is the one she punishes.  She scratches his face with rattlesnake venom.

The warden lets Stanley go, and he returns to his hole expecting to be the last one to finish digging, since he lost so much time.  He finds something else.

He went over to his hole, and to his surprise it was nearly finished. He stared at it, amazed. It didn't make sense.

Or perhaps it did. He smiled. Since he had taken the blame for the sunflower seeds, he realized, the other boys had dug his hole for him. (Ch. 21)

The other boys dig the hole to thank Stanley for taking the rap for them.  He did not tell Mr. Sir that it was Magnet who took the seeds.  The boys appreciate Stanley’s silence, and they show him their appreciation by helping him dig his hole.

This incident foreshadows the fact that the warden is only interested in one thing—treasure.  She has no interest in her charges, that’s for sure.  Instead of punishing Stanley like she should have, she nearly killed Mr. Sir for bothering her.

In Animal Farm, why does Napoleon blame Snowball for the fall of the windmill when it had actually been destroyed in a storm?

Napoleon's purpose is to demonize Snowball as much as he possibly can. He can use Snowball as the scapegoat for everything that goes wrong on the farm. In so doing, he can present himself as a foil to Snowball's evil. The gullible and unintelligent animals would, therefore, be convinced that he is truly their protector, acting in their best interests. 

Before Snowball's expulsion, he and Napoleon were constantly at loggerheads about the management of the farm. They would constantly argue during meetings since they were in direct opposition to one another. Snowball would almost always gain support for his ideas since he was a quick thinker and quite innovative, whilst Napoleon surreptitiously went around influencing other animals, such as the sheep, to do his bidding. He would then use them during meetings to disrupt Snowball's eloquent speeches by constantly bleating, 'Four legs good, two legs bad.' Napoleon employed this pernicious tactic since he was not Snowball's equal when it came to acting in the best interests of the farm. He had other ideas and wanted to have sole control. Snowball was a thorn in his side and he had to get rid of him. He could do this once he had secretly raised Jessie and Bluebell's nine puppies and trained them to do his bidding. They had grown into ferocious dogs and he used them to chase Snowball off the farm.   

Once Snowball was not there to challenge him any longer, Napoleon could freely go about and assert his authority. He started spreading lies and propaganda about Snowball, using Squealer especially. It was, for example, put out that Snowball had been a traitor from the very start and that he was actually fighting on the side of Mr. Jones during the Rebellion.

... it was given out that fresh documents had been discovered which revealed further details about Snowball’s complicity with Jones. It now appeared that Snowball had not, as the animals had previously imagined, merely attempted to lose the Battle of the Cowshed by means of a stratagem, but had been openly fighting on Jones’s side. In fact, it was he who had actually been the leader of the human forces, and had charged into battle with the words ‘Long live Humanity!’ on his lips. The wounds on Snowball’s back, which a few of the animals still remembered to have seen, had been inflicted by Napoleon’s teeth. 

By sullying Snowball's name, Napoleon also destroyed whatever chance Snowball might ever have of returning to the farm. He also destroyed the hopes other animals might have of ever seeing their comrade again. This systematic propaganda campaign put him in good stead with the other animals. Boxer, for example, who expressed some doubt about the damaging claims made about Snowball, was easily persuaded since he believed that, 'Napoleon is always right.'    

Using Snowball also gave Napoleon the perfect opportunity to rid himself of whatever animals were left to either expose him or threaten his authority. He conducted a purge in which many animals were slaughtered after confessing to having assisted Snowball during his seemingly secret visitations to the farm, apparently to do mischief and destroy the animals' hard work. Snowball was, for example, also blamed for mixing weed seeds in those of some crops that had been planted.    

Napoleon's campaign worked well and the animals soon forgot about the positive role that Snowball had played on the farm. They truly believed that he was out to destroy their hard work. Whenever Napoleon wanted to manipulate the animals, he would use Snowball's name to back up his sentiments. He, for example, claimed that Snowball had been hiding on Frederick's farm when he was friends with Pilkington, and vice versa when he sought Frederick's support.

It now appeared that Snowball was not, after all, hiding on Pinchfield Farm, and in fact had never been there in his life: he was living — in considerable luxury, so it was said — at Foxwood, and had in reality been a pensioner of Pilkington for years past.

The animals were easily swayed by this topsy-turvy state of affairs and were more confused than ever by Napoleon's so-called 'clever tactics.' In the end, though, all memory of Snowball, and the memory of much of everything else, faded away.  

In An American Childhood, how does Dillard introduce readers to the setting? What aspects of the setting seem most basic in Dillard's growth as a...

Dillard seems to have had a typical, idyllic suburban middle-class upbringing. This might seem unremarkable, but what is remarkable is the way that Dillard, even as a child, interpreted her surroundings. The ability to identify with other people at such a young age hinted at her eventual success as a writer.

There are two main aspects of the setting that are instrumental in Dillard's ability to register her surroundings and contemplate them. The first is the relationship she has with the neighborhood kids. She notices they are all different and have distinct personalities, and she wonders what makes them tick.

The second, arguably more important aspect is her parents. As she grows up, she realizes that they, like all people, are deeply flawed. This discovery of an essential similarity between all human beings is very influential on Dillard's growth as a person and as a writer.