Chapter 17 of Aldous Huxley's novel Brave New World is essentially a showdown between the two archetypal representatives from the new and old worlds: Mustapha Mond and John the Savage. They each touch on different aspects of the society in Brave New World, John pointing out their flaws and Mustapha defending them. However, the sum of these challenges all contribute to one overarching issue that John takes with the Brave New World: John believes that people need pain, inconvenience, and challenge in order to lead happy lives.
John defends his stance by explaining that without these "bad" elements of life, such as growing old, feeling rage, questioning existence, and others, no one truly appreciates the "good" elements of life. This argument, in the penultimate chapter, captures the source of cultural conflict between this new world and the old one of John's origins.
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