Determine the mass of the first object and the final velocity of the third object on the attached diagram. Regarding Collisions. I've been having...

In any collision, the linear momentum of the system is conserved. By considering the initial (before collision) and final (after collision) momenta of the system, and making them equal to each other, we can find the unknown mass of the first object.

It appears that the third object does not participate in collision, so it's final velocity will remain the same: `vec v_(3f) = vec0` .

The initial momentum of the system consisting of the two objects is

`vecP_i = m_1vecv_(1i) + m_2vecv_(2i)`

Projecting this onto the x-axis (horizontal axis directed to the right) gives

`P_(ix) = m_1(2) + 19*(-5) = 2m_1 - 95`

Similarly, the final momentum of this system is

`vecP_f = m_1vecv_(1f) + m_2vecv_(2f)`

Projecting this to the x-axis gives

`P_(fx) = m_1(-1) + 19(0) = -m_1`

Since the initial momentum and final momentum are equal, `P_(ix) = P_(fx)` :

`2m_1 - 95 = -m_1`

`3m_1 = 95`

From here, `m_1 = 95/3 = 31.7` kg.

The mass of the first object is 31.7 kg.

Why are the Canterbury Tales a good source of information for historians?

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales refers to a collection of short stories that is respected, studied and referenced not only in a literary context, but also as a valued historical collection for a variety of reasons summarized below.

Much like Homer's Iliad and the Odyssey, Canterbury Tales has become an important collection that depicts historical events, culture, and attitudes of its time. Notably, Chaucer lived and wrote during a time of war shrouded in religious, political and social unrest. England was in the midst of the Hundred Years War with France. Chaucer fought in the war, and his first-hand knowledge and experiences bleed through multiple areas of the texts. Paper had just recently been invented. In a purely semantical and technical context, Chaucer's work details verse, dialect, and English words never before recorded. Literacy was an uncommon luxury during the Middle Ages, predominately reserved to those holding a position within clergy, the Royal Court, or those holding an official governmental position.

The characters within the Canterbury Tales revolve around various social classes of people in England. The accounts and storylines are specific and detailed enough to give a bird's eye view into the Middle Ages; its people, culture, and church. There are very few works that account for the social structures, beliefs, and attitudes of the period. The majority of Chaucer's contemporaries gave little attention to the problems of commoners and peasants whom made up the majority of England's populous during the Middle Ages. Chaucer had an insider view of the English Royal court and held several appointments throughout his lifetime. As such, his first-hand knowledge of diplomacy, the state of the church and its clergy, courtly life, and the monarchy is vast and intimate.

The Canterbury Tales provides an insider's glimpse into England during the Middle Ages with an unprecedented depth and detail not previously recorded by Chaucer's contemporaries, making it a valued historical reference.

What is a quotation from To Kill a Mockingbird that shows the tradition of "Southern Bells"?

"Of course some afternoons when I would run inside for a drink of water, I would find the living room overrun with Maycomb ladies, sipping, whispering, fanning, and I would be called." (Lee 176)

Scout is referring to Aunt Alexandra's missionary circles that she regularly holds throughout the week. Southern ladies traditionally met in each other's houses to socialize over tea and cakes. "Southern Bells," is a term used to describe upper-class Southern females. It was a Southern tradition for ladies to meet with neighbors and discuss various events throughout the Antebellum Period into the early 20th century. Aunt Alexandra personifies the quintessential "Southern Bell," by her well-mannered, socially conscious attitude. Aunt Alexandra attempts to include Scout in her missionary circles to teach her how to become a proper "Southern Bell."

"Today was Sunday, and Aunt Alexandra was positively irritable on the Lord's Day. I guess it was her Sunday corset. She was not fat, but solid, and she chose protective garments that drew up her bosom to giddy heights, pinched in her waist, flared out in her rear, and managed to suggest that Aunt Alexandra's was once an hour-glass figure." (Lee 171)

Scout is describing Aunt Alexandra's typical Sunday outfit. Wearing a corset with a blooming dress was the traditional garment "Southern Bells" would wear in the late 19th and early 20th century. Scout's comment also describes the tradition of wearing one's nicest outfit to church on Sundays. Church was a social gathering that most upper-class women would attend in the South. "Southern Bells" took pride in their appearance, especially when attending church.

What is an antonym of estimation?

In mathematics we define estimation is a guess or finding the closest answer to the actual value through though or rough calculation.  Rough calculation includes rounding off, using round figures such 100s and 1000s. 

In math, the antonym of estimation is calculation. In mathematical terms this would be defined as determining the answer of a problem using mathematical  methods including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and other mathematical equations used to find the actual answer. 

Let's illustrate this through an example. In an exam if we were to count the amount of words in the essay we would generally count every single word in each line, write them at the end of the margin in pencil and sum it up at the end of the essay. This is called calculation.

However, your examiner has 120 exam essays to mark and will not be able to count each line and tally the amount of words. The examiner will count the amount of words in the first line of the essay and multiply by the amount of lines in the essay. This is called estimation.

From the above example the estimation is an approximate answer to the true value, but calculation can give you the exact answer. (always read the context of the question or the use of the word in order to understand what is required)

What life lesson does Bud learn in Bud, Not Buddy?

Bud, Not Buddy is a bildungsroman (or a coming-of-age story); therefore, it contains many life lessons for Bud. For example, Bud learns how to survive during the Great Depression. However, that is not Bud's most important lesson. In particular, Bud learns the true meaning of family.

The first way Bud learns about family is by experiencing ways that he does not fit within other particular families. First, the reader sees Bud being abused by the Amos family (Bud's foster family). Mrs. Amos does not even “hear” Bud over her own son (who can do no wrong). Further, being locked in a shed with a threat of a beating is certainly child abuse. The Amos family, then, is not Bud’s true family. Later, we meet the family that helps Bud at the mission. 

I watched them walking away. My pretend brother looked back at me and stuck out his tongue, then reached up and took my pretend mother's hand. I couldn't really blame him.

Even though the family helps Bud, they do not adopt Bud as their own. The children in the family are disgusted by having to share their sweets with Bud. These two families (as well as others) can be compared with Bud’s real family: the jazz band.

The most important way Bud learns about family is by finding his own family with the context of Calloway's band. The jazz band, even though it is not a “typical” family, is a perfect and “real” family for Bud. Bud is accepted and welcomed into this family. Further, he is given his livelihood by this family (his “skinny wooden flute” and his saxophone). Bud is also required to provide for the family in what ways he can. Specifically, Bud is asked to help clean and learn multiple instruments. In these ways, Bud finds the home he has been looking for within the jazz band.

How does Pablo Neruda use poetic elements in "Tonight I Can Write"?

The poetic form of "Tonight I Can Write" by Pablo Neruda seems loosely based on the ghazal, an Arabic poetic form that combines a metrical pattern of couplets and a refrain with themes of loss and sorrow. Its distinguished Persian practitioners included Rumi and Hafiz; the form was popularized in western poetry by the German poet Goethe.

A poetic device that is part of the ghazal form is repetition. In the case of this poem, two poignant lines are repeated:

• Tonight I can write the saddest lines


• I loved her, and sometimes she loved me too

The repetition of these lines creates a tone of pathos and regret.

The next major poetic element is what is sometimes called the "pathetic fallacy" of using elements of the natural world as projections of the narrator's emotional state. The stars, dew, and wind are used as emblems of the narrator's internal feelings.

Another poetic element used in the poem is simile or explicit comparison. An example of a simile is found in the comparison of the poem to the dew in the line:

And the verse falls to the soul like dew to the pasture.

What clues caused the Tucks to conclude that there was something peculiar happening to them?

The Tuck family describes their discovery of the spring's magical powers in chapter 7.  They passed and drank from the spring without knowing anything had happened.  The Tuck family eventually found where they were going to settle and began building their homes.  That's when they started to notice that not everything was entirely normal anymore.  

"That was the first time we figured there was something peculiar," said Mae. "Jesse fell out of a tree . . ."

"I was way up in the middle," Jesse interrupted, "trying to saw off some of the big branches before we cut her down. I lost my balance and I fell. . ."

"He landed plum on his head," said Mae with a shudder. "We thought for sure he'd broke his neck. But come to find out, it didn't hurt him a bit!"

As the text indicates, Jesse fell out of a tree and landed on his head.  Normally, such a fall would cave in somebody's skull or break their neck.  Regardless, Jesse should have died, but he was no worse for the wear.  The strange happenings continued to the Tuck family.  

Angus Tuck was bitten by a snake, Miles was shot, and Jesse ate poisonous food.  In each case, nothing happened.  But the big clue to the Tuck family was their lack of maturing and aging.  

"I was more'n forty by then," said Miles sadly. "I was married. I had two children. But, from the look of me, I was still twenty-two.

It was then that the Tuck family knew something was wrong.  They were forced to flee the area.  Eventually, the Tuck family happened to return to the spring and realized that the tree and surrounding foliage hadn't changed either.  

That tree hadn't grown one whit in all that time. It was exactly the same. . . So they decided at last that the source of their changelessness was the spring.

Like anything that the spring fed, the Tuck family had become locked into being changeless.  

What metaphors does Henry use in his "Speech to the Virginia Convention"?

In his "Speech to the Virginia Convention," Henry returns repeatedly to the metaphor of chains and slavery to characterize the relationship between the colonies and Britain. He introduces the metaphor when he says, "They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging."

The second reference to enslavement is found in these lines:

"There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston!"

Henry's last use of this metaphor is found in his final rhetorical question:

"Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?"

Many of America's founding fathers in the colonial period owned slaves, including House of Burgesses members and Virginians George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Patrick Henry even owned slaves. For these white landowners and powerful men to consider themselves slaves to Britain would have been abhorrent, and there is no small irony in the metaphor that Henry chose to appeal to their masculine pride and dignity.

The speech is filled with many other metaphors, such as the "gale that sweeps from the North," that represents the outbreaks of violence that have already occurred in Boston.

Why was the party in Chapter Six different for Nick?

One of the reasons this party is different from the others is that Tom is there. Nick notes, "Perhaps his presence gave the evening its peculiar quality of oppressiveness—it stands out in my memory from Gatsby’s other parties that summer." In general, this is similar to other parties at Gatsby's house. There are celebrities, socialites, and most behaving like drunken freeloaders. Tom's presence is the new variable. 

But this party also occurs after Gatsby and Daisy have reunited. With Tom, Daisy, and Gatsby there, it might have been uncomfortable for Nick. At one point, Daisy does ask Nick to serve as somewhat of a lookout so she can be alone with Gatsby at least for a small bit of time.

If Tom had not been there, Nick would have felt more comfortable. Nick doesn't really approve of Gatsby's dealings with criminals (Wolfshiem) nor does he necessarily approve of cheating with another man's wife. But he does seem to prefer the union of Gatsby and Daisy to that of Tom and Daisy. Nick admires Gatsby's genuine romanticism. Nick does not care for Tom at all. So, it is mostly Tom's presence and the secret tension of this strange love triangle that makes Nick feel odd. 

It should also be noted that these parties have served as a means for Gatsby to attain a certain social position, one that is more on Daisy's level. After he has reunited with her, the party seems like more posturing. It is all part of an ongoing act. Perhaps by this point, Nick is even more acutely aware of the superficiality of it all. 

Discuss and analyze Tomson Highway's Dry Lips Oughta Move to Kapuskasing from the standpoint of hegemonies between nationalities and/or issues of...

Tomson Highway's 1989 play Dry Lips Oughta Move to Kapuskasing is indeed a critique of the myriad conflicts that have riven the Native North American tribes, and it can be considered a call to action, although Highway is too astute to expect much positive to happen there. Highway's play is a serious indictment of the effects of European colonialism on Native cultures and peoples. His characters, in this particular play, are mostly men, with the main female character, Nanabush, or Patsy, ultimately victimized in the playwright's attack on the pernicious effects of that colonialism on those tribes, including the one to which Highway is a member, the Cree. It is no accident that Highway's men are continuously depicted holding and drinking from bottles of whiskey, these ubiquitous props a subtle reminder of who introduced this potent and ultimately destructive substance to the indigenous tribes. While none of the characters in Dry Lips Oughta Move are beyond redemption, neither are they at likely to actually find that destination.

Among the main conflicts in Dry Lips Oughta Move is that between the indigenous tribes' native system of beliefs and the European import known as Christianity. Note the following introduction to the character of Spooky Lacroix, the play's representative for this alien belief system forced upon the indigenous peoples. Spooky is addressing Dickie Bird Halked, the 17-year-old teenager who, we are given to believe, suffers the enduring effects of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and whose name was adopted from a tavern:

Spooky (to Dickie Bird): "When the world comes to an end? The sky will open up. The clouds will part. And the Lord will come down in a holy vapor. And only those who are born-again Christian will go with him when he goes back up. And the rest? You know what’s gonna happen to the rest? They will die. Big Joey, for instance, they will go to hell and they will burn for their wicked, whorish ways. But we will be taken up into the clouds to spend eternity surrounded by the wondrous and the mystical glory of god."

Spooky serves as Highway's reminder of the hypocritical nature of many converts to alternative systems of belief. By embracing Christianity while condemning "nonbelievers" to an eternity in Hell, Spooky is manifestation of the perversion of the Gospels that is all-too--familiar to readers of scandal sheets announcing yet another moral transgression by those who claim a level of moral superiority. Spooky's words are meant to be harsh and incriminating, as they reflect the spiritual conflict at the heart of this play.

The conflict between Christianity and Native spirituality is only one such conflict in Highway's play. Another involves the role of ice hockey, another alien import that has captured the Native soul, and it is ice hockey that provides the connecting theme throughout the play. One of the play's more politically-minded characters, Pierre St. Pierre -- note, again, the European influence evident in the traditionally French name and the "saint" component -- is the most outspoken purveyor of revolutionary sentiments, although his admonitions receive little real attention. It isn't just hockey that occupies the play's central motif; it is women's ice hockey. Pierre's semi-coherent observations invariably center on the role of women's hockey is setting the stage for the transformative experience yet to come. Note in the following exchange the confusion surrounding Pierre's declarations of revolutionary fervor amid the near-constant setting of the women's hockey matches;

PIERRE: The women. I’m gonna be right smack dab in the middle of it all. The revolution. Right here in Wasaychigan Hill.

SPOOKY: The Chief or the priest. Which one are they gonna revolution?

PIERRE: No, no, no. Dominique Ladouche, Black Lady Halked, that terrible Dictionary woman, that witch Gazelle Nataways, Fluffy Sainte-Marie, Dry Lips Manigitogan, Leonarda Lee Starblanket, Annie Cook, June Bug McLeod, Big Bum Pegahmagahbow, all twenty-seven of ‘em. Even my wife, Veronique St. Pierre, she’ll be right smack dab in the middle of it all. Defense.

SPOOKY: Defense? The Americans. We’re being attacked. Is the situation that serious?

PIERRE: No, no, no, for Chris’sakes. They’re playin’ hockey. Them women are playin’ hockey. Dead serious they are too. 

This exchange, which occurs fairly early in the play, allows Highway to bring together the various themes that he intended to emphasize. The scene takes place in a kitchen, on one wall of which hangs a crucifix with which Dickie Bird becomes infatuated. Spooky, accustomed to Pierre's political nature, can't figure out precisely what his friend means, and the latter character hardly clarifies the matter by indicating that, when he states that he's "going to be right smack dab in the middle of it all," he is referring to his role as a referee, the objective observer and enforcer of the rules.

Finally, the impotent call to action conveyed in Dry Lips Oughta Move is embodied in the figure of Big Joey, a large, powerful man whose references to one of modern North America's most important symbols of Native identity, the site of the Wounded Knee massacre, are but a facade behind which hides just one more helpless native. Again, referencing women's ice hockey as a metaphor for the broader conflicts that run through the play, Big Joey refers to the site of the 1890 massacre of Lakota by the U.S. Army and the 1973 armed rebellion by the American Indian Movement that involved the execution-style slaying of two agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation:

BIG JOEY: (Getting the bottle back from CREATURE and PIERRE.) So tonight, Bear-who-went-and-gave-youa-real-Spooky Lacroix, we’re gonna celebrate another new page in our lives. Wounded Knee Three! Women’s version! 

These men will be cheering on a women's hockey team while injecting into the proceedings the history of injustices to which their people were subjected by outside colonizers. Wounded Knee, also referred to as Pine Ridge, the site of the Indian reservation where the armed rebellion took place, remains a powerful symbol for the Native American communities, and Big Joey's recourse to that symbol while constantly partaking in the whiskey that has played such a deleterious role in his people's demise illuminates the playwright's internal struggle for a more hopeful future for his people.

European influences, especially the unspoken-of-but-constantly-present bottles of whiskey passed around by the male characters, are used to highlight the conflicts that have crushed the Native American peoples. That Highway expects his audience to feel motivated by the scenes he has depicted is nowhere more evident than in the brutal, dehumanizing rape of that one female character, Patsy, by Dickie Bird with a crucifix. Dickie Bird's thrusting of the crucifix -- the ultimate symbol of Christianity -- into Patsy is the playwright's most forceful condemnation of the conflicts injected into Native American communities by European interlopers. The violence of this scene suggests the violence to which those Europeans subjected the indigenous tribes of the Americas, and it isn't subtle.

What are crimes against humanity?

Crimes against humanity are defined as systematic actions directed against civilians, or a part of a population, that causes great harm and is done in an inhumane fashion. They are characterized as being conducted as part of government policy. The Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court (1998) was signed by 160 states and established the crimes that would fall under the jurisdiction of an international court. Perpetrators of crimes against humanity are usually political leaders and can be tried in the International Criminal Court located in Hague, The Netherlands. The crimes may include, but are not limited to, massacres, human experimentation, mass rape, tortures, and genocide. Unlike war crime, crimes against humanity can take place during times of peace.

Which four characters finally confront one another in Scene 1 of Act V of Julius Caesar?

Act V, Scene 1 opens just before the Battle of Philippi. On one side is the army of Octavius and Antony. On the other side are the armies of Brutus and Cassius. Since Shakespeare cannot show two armies fighting on his stage, he has these four men hold a "parley" prior to the engagement. Brutus is obviously hoping that they can come to some peaceable agreement without a bloody clash of two huge forces. He begins the parley by asking:

Words before blows. Is it so, countrymen?

If only he can get them talking, he might be able to talk them into a truce. He is reminding them that they are all fellow countrymen and asking, in effect, whether they insist on fighting. This is in character for Brutus. He is a man who believes in reason and justice rather than force. He does not, however, want to be the one who asks for a truce, since that would show that he feels weak.He is framing his words to get Antony and Octavius to give some indication of whether they would consider settling their differences peacefully, leaving it up to them. This is futile, but one wonders what exactly Brutus had in mind. Would he consider letting the triumvirate of Octavius, Antony and Lepidus retain the rulership of the Roman Empire while he retired to a country home somewhere and spent his time reading and meditating, which is all he likes to do anyway?

Octavius is a young hothead and wants to fight. But he probably would not insist on a battle if Antony indicated that he was willing to talk about a truce. Antony is in no mood to talk about peace because he is still furious about the assassination of his good friend Julius Caesar.

Villains! You did not so when your vile daggers
Hack'd one another in the sides of Caesar.
You show'd your teeth like apes, and fawn'd like hounds,
And bow'd like bondmen, kissing Caesar's feet,
Whilst damned Casca, like a cur, behind
Struck Caesar on the neck. O you flatterers!

Why does Shakespeare stage this parley when nothing comes of it? For one thing, the four men in armor have to represent all the soldiers who cannot be shown on a small stage. For another thing, it shows who is fighting and what they are fighting about. It also characterizes the four principals of the play. Antony is vindictive. Octavius is a hothead who wants to assert himself as Julius Caesar's heir. Brutus is a reasonable man but will fight if he has to. Cassius, as usual, is looking out for himself. He flatters Antony outrageously when he says:

The posture of your blows are yet unknown;
But for your words, they rob the Hybla bees,
And leave them honeyless.

Cassius is probably thinking that if they should lose the battle, he would like Antony to have a somewhat cordial feeling toward him because of his friendly attitude and his praise of Antony's funeral speech. At the same time, Cassius is taking a subtle dig at Brutus by reminding him that, in the first place, he didn't want Antony to be allowed to speak at all, and, in the second place, that Antony's speech was far more eloquent and effective than that of Brutus. By seeming to favor Antony over Brutus like this, Cassius may be dropping a subtle hint that he might be willing to go over to the side of Antony and Octavius against Brutus. That would mean certain disaster for Brutus; but Cassius, as usual, is thoroughly selfish, unscrupulous, and opportunistic. He doesn't expect to win this battle, and he warned Brutus against getting involved in it at this time and in this place.

Shakespeare's audience should enjoy this scene. They are seeing four great men all together for the only time in the play, and they are experiencing the illusion that they are witnessing a famous event in world history. 

What is the significance of the title "The Thief and the Dogs" by Naguib Mahfouz?

The title of a novel is often of great symbolic importance, and this is especially true of this work. The title refers to the main character and the "dogs" that he feels are constantly chasing him throughout the novel. It is important to note that the title has a great deal of literal meaning as well.

The thief in the title is, of course, the main character, Said. He has recently been released from jail for stealing as the novel starts, so he is literally a thief. He is also a thief in a figurative sense, as he sets out to "steal" the lives of those he believes wronged him. 

The "dogs" in the title refer to the people Said wants vengeance on: Rauf; his former mentor, Nabawiyya; his ex-wife; and Illish, his former best friend who betrayed him by marrying his wife. The main plot of the novel revolves around Said's attempts to punish these people.

What are some fun, interesting, and easy kid-friendly topics to speak about in class?

There are many fun, interesting, and easy kid-friendly topics out there and I will help you brainstorm some ideas! Children are blessed with wonderfully creative imaginations. For this reason, one kid-friendly topic could be about travel. Our world is so diverse that we discover something new every day! One great idea is to have children stop a globe from spinning with their finger to see which part of the world their finger lands, and then discuss! On the same token, another great kid-friendly topic could be on wild life.  The discussion on why sloths are so slow could lead into a wonderful discussion about the differences between our digestive tract and that of a sloth. If you want to boost a child's creativity, you could also lead a discussion on invention. Nikola Tesla's entire life was devoted to invention and can be a truly fascinating topic. To get children actively involved in the discussion, perhaps have them draw an invention of their own and share. If you are looking for other ways to get children actively involved in the topics, a great solution could be play reenactment. For example, a lesson on Lewis and Clark's expedition could be brought to life in a kid-initiated play. With some guidance and structure, this could be a great way to speak about an important topic while simultaneously keeping children engaged and interested. I hope some of these ideas can help you the next time you are looking for kid-friendly topics. 

 

How do you know that Odysseus was man known for guile in The Odyssey?

One of Odysseus' most famous features is his cleverness (or guile, as you say), and he exhibits this skill at many times during both Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. The most obvious (and probably most famous example) of Odysseus' intellectual prowess is his invention of the Trojan Horse, the downfall of the Trojan Empire. 

In the Odyssey, there are many famous examples of Odysseus' smarts, but my personal favorite involves his encounter with Polyphemus, the hideous Cyclops. To save his men from being eaten alive, Odysseus' convinces the Cyclops that his name is Nobody, and then, once the monster has fallen asleep, he stabs Polyphemus' eye and escapes with his crew mates. Then, when his friends ask him who blinded him, Polyphemus answers "Nobody," and his friends laugh at him, and Odysseus and his men escape. This remarkable ingenuity is just one example of Odysseus' ability to cleverly deceive his enemies. 

How does the play Romeo and Juliet teach us about history?

It can be dangerous to look to Shakespeare for an accurate portrayal of history, even of historical eras and places that were fairly close to his own. He wasn't interested in portraying history accurately; he was interested in telling a great story. As far as we know, he learned everything that he knew about the societies that he wrote about from books, many of which we now know were full of inaccuracies. We don't have any evidence that he ever left England, let alone traveled to Italy, so everything that he knows about what Verona was like almost certainly came secondhand from books and stories that he may have heard from people who had been there. It's important to remember that Shakespeare didn't actually know if anything he learned about Italy was true, so it’s best to look at Shakespeare's plays as fictional and not to expect them to be an accurate reflection of history.

I'm writing an essay in response to a question which asks, "What type of leader is Brutus?" I'm arguing that Brutus is a bad leader and I need...

It's interesting that you would declare Brutus to be a bad leader, because I think there is more textual evidence that point to him being a good leader than a bad one. Indeed, Brutus is an honorable man who loves both Rome and Caesar, but who is drawn into the conspiracy to kill Caesar against his will in an attempt to protect the representational government of the Roman state. As such, I would advise you to consider arguing that Brutus is a good leader.

A couple of quotes support this evaluation of Brutus. One occurs in Act 2, Scene 1, in which Brutus receives a fake letter from the citizens of Rome looking for his help:

'Brutus, thou sleep'st. Awake, and see thyself.

Shall Rome, etc. Speak, strike, redress!

Brutus, thou sleep'st; awake!' (46-8)

This quote displays a Roman populace in peril (or, to be more accurate, the appearance of a Roman populace in peril; the letter itself is a forgery), and it is the force that finally moves the reluctant Brutus to join the conspiracy to kill Caesar. As such, he will only act violently if he thinks it necessary to protect the people of Rome.

Another good quote occurs during Brutus' funeral speech in Act 3, Scene 2, in which Brutus declares that "Not that I lov'd Caesar less, but that I lov'd Rome more" (22-3). In making this claim, Brutus says that he didn't kill Caesar because he hated Caesar; rather, he killed Caesar to protect Rome from an autocrat.

All in all, these quotes show Brutus to be a rather good leader: he's selfless, cares deeply about his countrymen, and will only use force when absolutely necessary. As such, I would suggest you use these quotes to explore the notion of Brutus as a good leader.

How do Mr. Freeman and Ivy react to Melinda's art project created from turkey bones?

In Laurie Halse Anderson's novel Speak, art class is one of the few places Melinda feels comfortable. It is even a place where she can begin to express herself through her art. It shouldn't be surprising, then, that after a depressing and disappointing attempt at Thanksgiving dinner with her family, she decides to "make a memorial for [the family's] turkey," declaring, "Never has a bird been so tortured to provide such a lousy dinner" (pg 61). 

Mr. Freeman, always energetic and supportive, is immediately on board with the project when Melinda brings the bones into class. At the same time, he pushes her to put real thought and effort into the project. When she wants to pile the bones like firewood "(get it?—tree—firewood)" (pg 62), Mr. Freeman pushes her to go further. Eventually, Melinda has the bones glued together like a museum exhibit, with knives and forks positioned like they are attacking it, and a Lego palm tree and Barbie head positioned in the middle of the turkey carcass. 

As Melinda puts it, "Mr. Freeman comes over to inspect. He almost faints with delight" (pg 63). When Melinda can't explain the artwork, Mr. Freeman steps in to help interpret it too: 

"I see a girl caught in the remains of a holiday gone bad, with her flesh picked off day after day as the carcass dries out. The knife and fork are obviously middle-class sensibilities. The palm tree is a nice touch. A broken dream, perhaps? Plastic honeymoon, deserted island?" (pg 64).

This explanation further inspires Melinda. She rearranges the piece so that the Barbie head has a body with the forks and knives, and a piece of tape over her mouth. At this point, readers can more clearly identify that Melinda sees herself as the Barbie. She is the one with tape over her mouth, unable to speak, being supported by a dismal turkey carcass that represents the "holiday gone bad" and a family that can't see her pain to help her. 

Ivy and Mr. Freeman immediately see the somber mood of Melinda's new creation. Ivy says, "It's scary [...] In a weird way. Not clown scary, um, how do I say this? Like you don't want to look at it too long. Good job, Mel" (pg 64). 
Mr. Freeman agrees, saying, "This has meaning. Pain" (pg 65).

Melinda is uncomfortable with their reactions, thinking her work may be bad. Ivy and Mr. Freeman aren't saying that, though. They're impressed with what she's done but they're also troubled by it. They see in it her pain and isolation, especially Mr. Freeman, the more experienced adult. They both care about her and want to to help her, but Melinda isn't ready yet to be more open about her trauma and accept people's help. This is evident at the end of this section: "The bell rings. I leave before he can say more" (pg. 65). 

Highlight ten factors that can affect tourism demand and I will develop them myself.

Here are ten factors that may affect tourism and brief descriptions of each.

1. Weather- A tourist's preference for weather is a big factor in their decision to visit somewhere. If a person really enjoys warm weather, they are not likely to go somewhere cold unless there are more important factors influencing their decision.

2. Natural disasters- This is somewhat related to weather, but far more dependent upon geographic features and geothermal processes. The risk of earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, and volcanoes may deter a tourist from visiting a particular location. 

3. Cost- A visit to another city, state, or country can potentially be quite expensive. A person's economic status influences their decision on where to visit based on how big of an impact a trip would have on their finances.

4. Health- People may be nervous about the idea of travelling to a place where the health status and lifestyle are very different from what they are used to. Alternately, people may choose to travel to a particular place for the health benefits they believe that location offers.

5. Language spoken- Some people feel that inability to speak the local language would be a problem in visiting a new place. To overcome this, they may study the language, hire an interpreter or tour guide, or not travel at all.

6. Availability of certain services- Before travelling, many people look into whether or not they can use their mobile phones on their trip. They may also consider emergency scenarios and whether or not there are hospitals, police, or fire-fighting services in the area.

7. Religion- For many people, religious life is a big factor in their decision to travel. Visiting sites where great religious figures once lived, worked, or built can be a powerful spiritual experience.

8. Cultural attitudes- Depending on the attitudes of one culture towards another, someone may decide that certain places are especially "good" or "bad" to visit.

9. Leisure activities- A person may choose to travel to a particular place for leisure activities they have never tried before, or because this location offers especially good opportunities for the activity. Many people like to travel to warm beaches or the mountains for the particular leisure activities which can only be done there. 

10. Conflict- This is related to cultural attitudes but has much more to do with interaction between individuals and groups of people. If a nation is actively engaged in conflict situations or is at threat of conflict, people are less likely to visit as tourists.

In the short story "The Interlopers," how did the feud between the two families get started? Why does it continue?

Ulrich's grandfather sued George's ancestors because they had illegally possessed a strip of land on Ulrich's grandfather's property. Ulrich's grandfather won the lawsuit, meaning George's ancestors should have given up the land. However, despite the ruling of the court, George's family continued to poach on this strip and "similar scandals had embittered the relationships between the families for three generations." So, each successive generation of the two families continued to feud with each other. The feud had become a tradition or a habit. 

Ulrich becomes the head of the family and takes the feud more personally. George also "inherits" this feud and, for his part, continues to poach on the strip of land. "The feud might, perhaps, have died down or been compromised if the personal ill will of the two men had not stood in the way . . . " Like the generation before them, George and Ulrich inherited an argument that was initiated by their ancestors. The only way to stop the feud is to take personal feelings out of it and to realize the futility of sustaining an argument over a piece of land that was "not remarkable for the game it harbored or the shooting it afforded." 

List at least two benefits that the grievance procedure in the US provides.

The grievance procedure in the United States is a form of conflict resolution utilized by voluntarily by many companies and as a matter of law by some others.  Title 5 United States Code, Section 7121 (Grievance Procedures) mandates collective bargaining agreements (agreements often arranged through unions) must include administrative procedures for handling grievances.  The law explicitly states the process must be fair and simple and handle the matter quickly.

The expedited handling of grievance matters is a major benefit for both the complainant and organization.  The reduction in time away from work activities lessens the financial impact and can increase morale if the problem is solved to the satisfaction of those involved.  The speedy process can address problems when first reported so additional complaints related to the first do not compound the issue.  Compounding issues are generally noticed when a dispute affects more than one employee, such as a pay issue.  The grievance process can curtail the issue quickly by formulating new policy to avoid additional complaints in the future.  Employee satisfaction is something investors will examine, so keeping morale high can again help to financially stabilize the company.

Another benefit is the simplification of the process.  Court systems tend to be burdensome and will only address issues of law.  The grievance procedure allows employees to address non-criminal matters, usually personnel issues.  The simple and generally informal process is designed to invite the two parties to work together to seek out a mutually beneficial resolution rather than the court's ruling in favor of one side.  Money again comes into play because the court process can be expensive with attorney and court fees. 

How does Harper Lee symbolize family in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird?

Authors create symbolism by referring to objects in such a way that the objects take on more than their literal meaning. Beyond objects, authors will often create symbolism by choosing names for characters based on symbolic meaning. In Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbid, one symbol representing family can be found in Calpurnia's name.

Not only is Calpurnia the name of the Finch's cook who acts as a surrogate mother for the Finch children, Calpurnia is also the name of Julius Caeasar's third and last wife before his assassination. Calpurnia became stepmother to Caesar's daughter Julia and is especially celebrated for her faithfulness. Caesar is known to have been a man who carried out multiple affairs, yet, despite his infidelity, Calpurnia remained loyal. She was so loyal that she sought to protect him by begging him not to go to the senate meeting when she had what she felt was a premonition of his death, a premonition captured in Shakespeare's play titled Julius Caesar.

Similarly, Harper Lee's Calpurnia can symbolically be seen as the stepmother of Jem and Scout due to how much Atticus relies on her to help him raise them. Often, Atticus must leave the children to her sole care when he is called away on business, especially business with the state legislature. Throughout the years, Calpurnia has faithfully remained loyal to the Finch family, just as the historic Calpurnia remained faithful to Caesar. Also, just as the historic Calpurnia is tempted to disloyalty due to Caesar's infidelity, Harper Lee's Calpurnia is tempted to disloyalty when Aunt Alexandra joins the household and, due to her racist beliefs, tries to convince Atticus to let Calpurnia go. Regardless, Calpurnia remains faithful by remaining, and Atticus shows his faithfulness to Calpurnia by telling Alexandra that Calpurnia doesn't leave the household until she wants to:

Alexandra, Calpurnia's not leaving this house until she wants to. You may think otherwise, but I couldn't have got along without her all these years. She's a faithful member of this family and you'll simply have to accept things the way they are. (Ch. 14)

The faithfulness symbolized by Calpurnia's name represents the closeness of the Finch family. The historic Calpurnia remained faithful to Caesar and her stepdaughter due to her ability to value family. Similarly, Calpurnia remains faithful to the Finch family while Atticus remains faithful to Calpurnia because they value family.

What would be the tone and the theme of the poem "Legal Alien" by Pat Mora?

In this poem, Pat Mora talks about the cultural identity of Hispanic Americans, about how, despite belonging both to an American community and a Mexican community, one can never really be fully integrated into the other. To be constantly “sliding back and forth/between the fringes of both worlds,” is tiring and disaffirming. The speaker states that he or she must always be putting on a front, to hide the fact that he or she is “being pre-judged/bi-laterally.” This is a parallelism of the first line, which consists of two words:  “Bi-lingual, bi-cultural.” Rather than being fully accepted by two communities, the speaker is “An American to Mexicans,/A Mexican to Americans,” facing stereotypes from both sides. The poem emphasizes the irony of this situation.  The title itself is a good representation of this: “Legal Alien.” Though the speaker is a citizen of the United States, he or she is still “other,” is still an alien.  Despite belonging, she doesn’t belong.

The poem is resigned in tone, and somewhat withdrawn. The speaker feels his or her identity to be suspended, to be caught in a nothing place – to be “American, but hyphenated” – American with stipulations. And this results in a helplessness that comes from being defined predominantly not by your personality or your job or your achievements, but by your race. 

What "important" thing is Prudence worried about ?

Prudence is very self-centered, which Sal notices about all the Winterbottom family. Instead of being concerned about her mother’s departure, or worried that she was kidnapped (as Phoebe believes), she is more concerned about whether or not she will make the cheerleading squad. This infuriates Phoebe, who feels that she is the only one who cares about her mother. Sal, however, had also noticed that Mrs. Winterbottom was practically ignored by the rest of her family, except when it came to “housewifely” chores like cooking and sewing. Sal sees how forlorn Mrs. Winterbottom is before she leaves. Prudence is only concerned about herself and whether she will be popular enough to be a cheerleader. Losing her mother has had very little effect on Prudence, much less that Phoebe or her father. Sal thinks this may be part of the reason that Mrs. Winterbottom left, and wonders if she had treated her own mother the same way before she left.

General information about Constantine? (Motives or anything significant will do)

One of the most significant events in the history of the Church occurred in 312 CE when the Emperor Constantine decided before the Battle of Milvian Bridge to take the Christian God as the patron for his soldiers. He is supposed to have seen a vision of a Cross in the sky, surrounded by the words ‘In this sign you will conquer.’

Some historians doubt Constantine’s sincerity and point to the fact that he had previously been ‘converted’ to other gods immediately before other battles! They suggest that his conversion was political rather than religious.

Whatever Constantine’s motives, he won the battle, and the following year he issued the Edict of Milan, which gave freedom of worship to all religions, and officially ended the persecution of Christians. Constantine himself did not become a Christian until he was on his deathbed years later.

With the Edict of Milan, Constantine:

• Exempted Christian Clergy from taxes


• Built churches


• Treasured the Christian faith, however he saw religion in political terms as a way of unifying the people


• Set up dioceses under bishops and the Church modelled itself on Roman political divisions. Constantine, however, began to interfere in Church matters.

Hope this helps

How to review a paper along with different related papers.

There are a couple of ways to review a paper.  The simplest way to review a paper is to look only at grammar and punctuation.  I say simplest, because you are only looking for those mistakes.  Content is not your concern at all.  While it may be simple in terms of focus, it is super tedious in my opinion.  

Another way to review someone's paper is to do a content review.  For this kind of review, you are going to focus less on grammatical structures and more on content and clarity of thought.  The first paragraph should clue you in to the main idea of the paper.  It should also include a clear thesis statement.  If you have no idea what the paper is going to be about after reading the first paragraph, that is a problem.  The next thing that you will look for is to make sure that the following paragraphs all relate back to the opening paragraph in some way.  If not, that paragraph doesn't belong.  This kind of review will also focus on making sure the paper never leaves the reader with a "why" in mind.  If an opinionated statement is made, the paper needs to back it up with reasons and support.  

Any related papers will follow the same strategy.  Only now, you are going to really make sure that each separate paper is about the same topic, theme, etc.  

Things Fall Apart is structured in three parts. What do the divisions reflect about the stages of life of the protagonist? How do the divisions...

The way that Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart is divided reflects not only the stages of Okonkwo’s life, but also the progress of Western colonialism within Umuofia. The first section of the novel is centered on Okonkwo’s life as a warrior and successful member of his tribe. In the beginning of the novel, Western influence has not yet entered and Okonkwo’s traditional values are still very relevant. By the end of the first section, however, major changes are afoot. Christian missionaries have entered the area and Okonkwo has been banished for seven years to his mother’s homeland of Mbanta.

The second section of the novel details Okonkwo’s life in flux. Throughout section two, Okonkwo lives in exile and Umuofia changes while he is gone. Christian missionaries spread their influence, even captivating Okonkwo’s young son Nwoye:

“It was not the mad logic of the Trinity that captivated him. He did not understand it. It was the poetry of the new religion, something felt in the marrow” (147).

Finally, in the third section, Okonkwo returns to Umuofia, but finds it completely changed in the seven years that he has been in exile. Colonialism has forever altered Umuofia, and Okonkwo’s values no longer hold the same importance that they once did. Okonkwo mourns for his clan and what they have become:

“Okonkwo was deeply grieved. And it was not just a personal grief. He mourned for the clan, which he saw breaking up and falling apart, and he mourned for the warlike men of Umuofia, who had so unaccountably become soft like women” (183).

The divisions in the novel function to illustrate Okonkwo’s successful life in Umuofia, his exile, and his eventual return to a completely changed Umuofia. Okonkwo’s fate is inextricably tied to the traditional tribal values of the region, and thus the region changes in each of these sections through pervasive Western influence.

In The Canterbury Tales, why does the narrator join the pilgrims?

In the General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, the narrator starts by telling the reader that pilgrims often go on trips to the martyr's shrine in April. The martyr he is referring to is Thomas Becket, the slain former Archbishop of Canterbury.

At this time, the host is already at the Tabard Inn in Southwark, as evidenced by these lines:

It happened in that season that one day

In Southwark, at The Tabard, as I lay

Ready to go on pilgrimage and start

for Canterbury . . .

Apparently, the narrator is there alone and about to begin his journey. Pilgrims sometimes made the journey alone, but also often went in groups for company and safety. We can imagine that the narrator would prefer to have companionship for the long trek across the English countryside. He was probably glad when . . .

At night there came into that hostelry

Some nine and twenty in a company

Of sundry folk happening then to fall

In fellowship.

After meeting these fellow travelers, the narrator approached them and undoubtedly struck up some conversations in hopes of joining their group. It must have been quite a task, but he says that he spoke to each of the twenty-nine pilgrims . . .

And, briefly, when the sun had gone to rest,

I'd spoken to them all upon the trip

And was soon one with them in fellowship,

Pledged to rise early and to take the way

To Canterbury, as you heard me say.

When the journey begins, the host then describes each pilgrim with their own prologue, followed by the story that they tell to the group. He is an unassuming, self-effacing narrator who professes to be nothing out of the ordinary, and something less in status than some of the other pilgrims.

Near the end of "The Most Dangerous Game", what words does General Zaroff use to congratulate Rainsford?

When he discovers Rainsford in his room, the general draws in his breath, saying with a smile, "I congratulate you...You have won the game."

However, Rainsford is not satisfied with just winning. He tells the general that he is yet "a beast at bay". Then, in a low voice that is edgy, Rainsford tells him to prepare himself. General Zaroff bows to Rainsford in his most gentlemanly manner and says,

"Splendid! One of us is to furnish a repast for the hounds. The Other will sleep in this very excellent bed. On guard, Rainsford..." 

Certainly, the general's courtly manners seem incongruous with his brutal nature. He delights in hunting the "most dangerous game" with no consideration for his fellow man, whom he reduces to "beasts at bay", animals for whom he has no sympathy. However, he maintains the decorum of his class by complying with the rules of his game, and by expecting no special consideration being given to him, even when he knows full well what his fate is. 

Joints in train tracks are designed with extra space to allow for what?

All metals expand when heated. The expansion of each metal is a function of its thermal properties and vary from metal to metal. When laying down railway tracks, sufficient spacing is allowed between two successive rails to allow for expansion of tracks during summer months. This spacing causes slight discomfort during the travel, since the train motion is not very smooth and this also causes noise. Yet, this spacing between joints is necessary to allow for expansion and contraction of the track material. Imagine what will happen, if there were no spacing between successive tracks. During the warm months, when the temperature is high, the track material will expand due to heat and the tracks will push against each other. During the night time, the tracks will contract and pull away from each other. The constant tug between the tracks will cause very high wear and tear and make the train motion unsafe.

Hope this helps. 

How did the Articles of Confederation affect relations with other nations?

The Articles of Confederation affected relations with other countries. Once we became independent from British rule, we developed a plan of government called the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation gave Congress the power to deal with other countries.

However, the Articles of Confederation created a very weak federal government. Thus, while Congress could deal with other nations, Congress couldn’t force people to join the military. When we had a border dispute with the Spanish over where the border of Spanish Florida and the United States really was, there was little we could do about the dispute since our military was too weak to fight the Spanish. The same was true when Britain wouldn’t leave the western forts. Additionally, when Spain and Great Britain interfered with our trade, there was very little we could do about it because we didn’t have much of a military. The military also was poorly equipped.

As a result of the weak federal government that was created by the plan of government called the Articles of Confederation, our relations were strained with other nations because they were taking advantage of our weak, understaffed military. These countries knew the government couldn’t do much about these actions because our government didn’t have the power to require soldiers to serve in the army. Our government also didn’t have the power to create a strong financial system that would have helped provide supplies for the military. Additionally, our government couldn’t negotiate trade treaties with other countries. The weaknesses of the government created by the Articles of Confederation negatively impacted our relations with other countries.

Where do warm ocean currents start?

Warm ocean currents start in tropical regions, near the equator. In comparison, cold ocean currents start near polar regions. Atmospheric winds and Earth's rotation cause the warm ocean water (from near the equator) to flow towards the polar regions in the form of western boundary currents. Some examples of these western boundary currents are the Gulf Stream, Somali Current and Kuroshio. The Gulf Stream, which originates from the Gulf of New Mexico, is one of the fastest warm currents and moves towards Europe. It is this warm ocean current that keeps a significant area of northern Europe relatively warm, as compared to other places on similar latitudes. Similarly, the Somali Current brings warm water to the Indian Ocean (at least for some part of the year, as it reverses direction twice a year).

This continuous motion of ocean currents (both warm and cold) maintains the global weather patterns and provides nutrients to the organisms of the ocean.

Hope this helps.  

What is the book Never Let Me Go about? How will I be able to write a essay?

Never Let Me Go, by Kazuo Ishiguro, is about the childhood of narrator Kathy and her friends Ruth and Tommy. The three grew up in a boarding school for children who are clones. As adults, most of the clones become "donors," and have their organs harvested for donation. Kathy is a caregiver at a center for donors. The school itself has an ongoing experiment to see if the children have emotions, and thus whether or not it is ethical to use them for organ donation. The children create art as expression of their emotions, though they do not know it is part of an experiment. 

In order to write an essay on the book, I recommend taking notes on parts of the book which you feel are important, or any questions or comments you may have. Creating a plot diagram describing the exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution can also be helpful. Most literary essays offer a short summary of the book they are written on, and then a discussion or criticism of the major themes. This book deals heavily with humans rights and ethics, so it may be a good choice to write on whether you feel the system of raising clones for organ donation is an ethical one. 

What are a few of the differences between Communism and Animalism?

Although there is more than one type of communist system, George Orwell’s Animal Farm is a satire on the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ruthless reign of Joseph Stalin, who created a communist society based on the philosophies of Karl Marx. To understand the differences between Animalism and Marxist communism, we must understand the basic principles of each.

In the novel, Animalism is founded by the boar Old Major (and, you guessed it, he represents Karl Marx himself). Under the rule of the pigs, Animalism is summed up in seven commandments, as follows:

1. 
   

   Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.

   
   


2. 
   

   Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.

   
   


3. 
   

   No animal shall wear clothes.

   
   


4. 
   

   No animal shall sleep in a bed.

   
   


5. 
   

   No animal shall drink alcohol.

   
   


6. 
   

   No animal shall kill any other animal.

   
   


7. 
   

   All animals are equal.

   
   

Initially, we can see through these rules that they are trying to replace the tsarist regime of Mr. Jones with an egalitarian society in which they are all equal. So let’s see how Animalism compares to communism. Marx believed that three steps were necessary to produce the perfect communist society:

1.The existing government must be totally destroyed via revolution, to make way for the new government.

Yes, the animals run Mr. Jones off the farm and twice they successfully defend Animal Farm from intruding humans, but they do not entirely change the way the farm is governed. The pigs merely take over Mr. Jones’ role as dictator. The animals are still overworked proletarians (working class), living off meager rations of food and unable to make their own choices. The commandments designed to create equality are gradually altered by the pigs to accommodate their own greed. The farm begins with a tsarist regime and it continues under one, so technically, Animalism is different from communism on this point.

2. Next, communists believed that the new government must have autocratic rule, meaning an individual or an elite group is to have total control over the masses. This way society can have completely molded systems of education, economy, religion, agriculture, labor, etc. Citizens are not to own property, only the government, with the idea that resources will be doled out evenly to all, an idea called collectivism.

In this regard Animalism is very closely molded after communism, since Napoleon becomes dictator, as Joseph Stalin did following the Russian Revolution. He uses his dogs like the KGB to enforce his rules and allows certain pigs to be part of his elite group. They make and enforce all rules and decisions for the animals, controlling every aspect of their lives, right down to when they go to bed and when they get up.

3. The final phase of communism, ideally, is to become a utopian society, in which citizens can live in peace, knowing that their government provides for their every need. Wealth and resources are evenly distributed among all. There is no conflict, since all citizens are of the the same class, religion, and belief system. Everyone lives happily in true equality.

The ultimate difference between true Marxist communism and Animalism is that that animals become an oppressed society rather than developing the hoped-for utopia. This happens for some of the same reasons communism failed in the Soviet Union. Under the dictatorship of Napoleon, their “market” drops out from under them when the pigs are tricked several times in their tradings with humans, who cheat them out of precious resources. Plus, the pigs consume for themselves any extra resources that they acquire. Their food production is never high enough to provide for all the animals, and so their “economy” quickly weakens. In the end the pigs are too greedy and the animals are too uneducated and beaten down to make any positive improvements.

What are some of Sigmund Freud's contributions to psychology?

1) In The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud revolutionized the psychological consideration of dreams. Previously, dreams were either treated analogically, in relation to age-old tales, or they were related to dream-guides, sets of predetermined symbols that were supposed to "decode" dreams. Instead, Freud advocates for a treatment of dreams based on their particular context in the dreamer's life. 

2) In Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Freud introduced the idea of the death drive. Previously, it was widely believed that human life was directed toward the sustaining of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. However, Freud put forth the idea that humans have a death drive that often drives humans to self-destructive actions.

3) In The Ego and the Id, Freud worked out his idea of the Id, the Ego, and the Superego. The Id is the part of the psyche that deals with the basic drives. The Ego is the part of the psyche that tries to please the Id and keep it in check. The Superego is the internalization of societal forces and norms.

4) In Mourning and Melancholia, Freud works out the subjective responses to loss. Mourning is the subject's conscious way of dealing with a specific object that has been lost, whereas melancholia is unconscious and deals with a kind of loss that the subject cannot necessarily place.

5) A huge development of Freud's was his idea of the Oedipus complex. This is a theory of psychosexual development dealing with the mother and father, and Freud discusses this in The Interpretation of Dreams. 

6) Freud was hugely influential in his discussions of trauma and the ways in which it marked the body. According to Freud, what is repressed by the mind shows up again, in a different form, and plays itself out through the body. 

Why will Goody Good's life be spared if she is a witch?

Sarah Good is a beggar woman in Salem who is the first one accused of being a witch.  Goody Good is a little senile and has been seen muttering and talking to herself around town.  She is an easy scapegoat for Abigail to accuse of witchcraft because she is an outcast and a little crazy. 

The irony about the witch trials is if you confess to being a witch, renounce the devil, and accept God, you will be spared from death.  We see this happen when Tituba confesses so readily upon being accused of dancing in the woods and casting spells.  She immediately declares her faith in God, and she is let back into the fold. If Goody Good confesses, she will also be spared.  

The Puritans and other witch-hunting religious groups had some wild ideas on how to prove guilt or innocence in accused witches.  For example, it was thought that if you were a witch you would float on water, but if you sank and drowned, you were innocent.  You were dead but innocent.

Throughout history, the persecution of witches and others has always been fueled by ignorance and superstition.  

What is Calpurnia's attitude towards other people in Chapter 3 of To Kill a Mockingbird?

In Chapter 3 of To Kill a Mockingbird, Calpurnia scolds Scout for being inhospitable to Walter Cunningham who has come to the Finch’s home to eat lunch.  Earlier in the day, Scout fights Walter over getting her in trouble with Miss Caroline, her teacher.  When Miss Caroline discovers that Walter didn’t have a lunch, Scout speaks up in class telling Miss Caroline why.  Jem invites Walter over for lunch, and to Scout’s horror, she sees Walter pour syrup all over his lunch.  Walter is so poor that syrup would be something he didn’t get very often.  Scout makes fun of Walter, and Calpurnia calls her into the kitchen to tell her that because Walter is a guest, he can do whatever he wants to his food. 

In this chapter, Calpurnia shows not only her position in the Finch household as a disciplinarian, but she also shows the respect she has for people.  Calpurnia can probably empathize with Walter’s position, and just like Atticus who engages Walter in conversation during the lunch, she understands the importance of showing kindness and respect to everyone.  Her attitude shows that Calpurnia is a no- nonsense person who has high expectations for the Finch children.  She will not allow disrespect in her household by her “adopted” children who she cares for and loves.

What kind of language does Harper Lee use to describe the Cunninghams in the book To Kill a Mockingbird and how does it link to the economic...

Lee's language is respectful in describing the Cunninghams and this reflects an overall respect for those who suffered through the Great Depression.

We learn about the Cunninghams early in the book when Scout has a run-in with Walter at school. In trying to describe the Cunninghams' economic status compared to their own, Atticus explains to Scout and Jem:

"The Cunninghams are country folks, farmers, and the crash hit them the hardest" (Ch.2).

We learn that the Cunninghams pay for services with food when they are able to, as they have so little money. Lee describes them as dignified people who work for what they earn and pay for what they take. They do not accept charity or hand-outs. This relates to the Great Depression because farmers and country folk were hit very hard, but they did not expect hand-outs either. They often had large pieces of land to take care of and if no one had the money to buy their products, they could not easily go and make money elsewhere. They resorted to living off of their land or going hungry and making ends meet or trading in whatever ways they could to get by, just like the Cunnighams. Many farms were in rural and poor areas already, so the economic downturn meant that the farmers and small towns suffered even more.

Atticus and Jem both treat the Cunninghams with respect and seem to understand that the circumstance is not the same as the person.

Can someone please help me answering those problems on the attached files at the bottom?

You are not allowed to ask multiple questions. This is a response for 3 of the several that you have posted.

# If `f(x) = sqrt(x+2)` , determine whether f is continuous from the left, from the right or neither for x = -2

`lim_(x->-2^+) f(x)`

= `lim_(x->-2^+) sqrt(x+2)`

= `sqrt(-2+2)`

= 0

`lim_(x->-2^-) f(x)`

= `lim_(x->-2^-) sqrt(x+2)`

But for x < -2, `sqrt(x+2)` is not real as x + 2 is negative and the square root of a negative number is not real.

Therefore `lim_(x->-2^-) f(x) != f(-2)` .

The function is continuous from the right at x = -2.

# If f and g are continuous with f(3) = 5 and `lim_(x->3)[2*f(x) - g(x)] = 4` , find g(3).

Both the functions f and g are continuous at x = 3.

` lim_(x->3)[2*f(x) - g(x)] = 4`

`=> [2*f(3) - g(3)] = 4`

`=> 2*5 - g(3) = 4`

`=> 10 - g(3) = 4`

`=> g(3) = 10 - 4`

`=> g(3) = 6`

# Use the definition of continuity and the properties of limits to show that the function `f(x) = (x+1)/(2x^2 - 1)` is continuous at x = 4

The value of f(x) at x = 4 is `(4+1)/(2*4^2 - 1) = 5/31`

`lim_(x->4^-)(x+1)/(2x^2 - 1)`

= `5/31`

`lim_(x->4^+)(x+1)/(2x^2 - 1)`

= `5/31`

As for a = 4, `lim_(x->a^-) = lim_(x->a^+) = f(a)` , the function is continuous at x = 4.

Determine the molar mass of a gas if a 4.23g sample of the gas occupies 4.00L at 27 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 715 torr.

The Ideal Gas Law relates pressure, volume, temperature and number of moles of a gas:

PV=nRT, or PV/nT = R, a constant. 

You're given the following information:

P=715 torr

V=4.00L

T=27ºC, Kelvin temperature = 27ºC + 273 = 300K

mass = 4.23 grams

R = 62.36 L-torr/mol-K (ideal gas constant)

n = number of moles 

You could solve for n, the number of moles, and then use mass/moles = molar mass. 

Here's a shortcut: Since molar mass M = mass/moles, moles = mass/M

We can substitute m/M (mass/molar mass) for n in the ideal gas law and solve for M:

PV=nRT

n=PV/RT

m/M=PV/RT

M=mRT/PV

M=(4.23g)(62.36 L-torr/mol-K)(300K)/(715 torr)(4.00L) = 27.7 g/mol

Here are a few things to keep in mind when using the Ideal Gas Law:

1. Temperature must be in Kelvins because the Celsius scale isn't proportional.

2. The value of the ideal gas constant R depends on the unit used for pressure. When looking up R be sure to use the value that includes the given pressure unit, in this case torr.

3. Include all units so that you can verify that the answer has the correct units. In this case liters, torr and Kelvins canceled out to give grams/mole, a molar mass unit.

What actions do the Flints take after they find out Linda has left in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl?

The answer to this question can be found in chapter 17 ("The Flight") of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.  Dr. Flint and his wife are absolutely furious when they find out that Linda has escaped.  As a result, they do three different things.  First, they search Linda's grandmother's house "from top to bottom."  Of course, Dr. Flint thinks that Linda is hiding there.  Linda is smart enough to know not to take that particular action at first.  (The irony is that, after Linda spends some time hiding in Betty's house, she does move to her tiny "loophole retreat" in her grandmother's attic which has already been searched and, therefore, is safe.)  Next, the Flints take out an advertisement for a runaway slave which is "posted on every corner."  This ad offers a "$300 REWARD" for Linda's return to the Flints.  Finally, when this fails to bring Linda back to them, they put Linda's brother and Linda's children in jail.  Of course, Linda learns of this from her space "above the stairs" at Betty's house and is never returned to the Flint plantation.

What camp were the men marched to in the book Night?

One of the most heartbreaking episodes in Elie Weisel's Night, a memoir of his experiences in Nazi death camps during World War II, is the forced march from Auschwitz to the train station near Gleiwitz for deportation to the Buchenwald concentration camp across the German border.

Wiesel describes the horrific march where, for many miles, the prisoners, most starved or sick, had to literally run or be shot by the SS guards. He also describes the train ride in open cattle cars in the dead of winter with literally thousands of men pressed up against each other. Starving, they would often attack each other for the smallest morsel of bread.

He learned later that the camp at Auschwitz was liberated two days after most of the prisoners were forced west. Russian troops routed the German army and eventually took over Auschwitz, saving those that had been left behind. It wouldn't be for another nearly four months that the prisoners in the Buchenwald Camp were freed. In those four months thousands more Jews perished from assassination and disease. Wiesel was one of only about 900 children under 18 that survived Buchenwald. He was only 15.    

Why does Daniel walk away from Jesus at the beach?

Shortly after entering Capernaum, Daniel visits the harbor where he is generously offered fish for breakfast by a young woman who asks if he has traveled to see the teacher. Daniel then turns and sees Jesus speaking to a group of fishermen on the shore. Daniel walks over to listen to Jesus' preaching and overhears Jesus saying that the kingdom of heaven is like a merchant who finds one pearl of great value, and sells everything he owns. While Jesus is speaking, Daniel sees two Roman soldiers standing amongst the crowd. He is disgusted at the sight of them and spits on the ground. Jesus continues to preach, and Daniel is outraged that he is standing close to the Roman soldiers. The presence of the Roman soldiers upset Daniel to the point that he walks away while Jesus continues to speak.

What obstacles did George Washington face while in office?

George Washington faced many obstacles while in office. One obstacle was dealing with other countries that were trying to push us around. Great Britain and Spain were interfering with our trade as well as encouraging the Native Americans to attack us. The British also wouldn’t leave the forts in the West they were supposed to leave after the Revolutionary War ended. President Washington knew we couldn’t afford to go to war. We weren’t strong enough militarily nor were we financially able to afford a war. Instead, he chose diplomacy to work out the differences. This resulted in Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty being made.

Another challenge George Washington faced was dealing with our financial issues. We were in debt from the Revolutionary War, and we needed to establish our financial system. Alexander Hamilton proposed a debt plan that was accepted, which allowed us to deal with our debt. He also proposed to create a national bank.

Finally, George Washington had to deal with some rebellion at home. When farmers refused to pay the Whiskey Tax, the federal government responded to put down the rebellion. This sent a message the federal government wouldn’t tolerate disorder and lawlessness.

George Washington had several challenges as President. He successfully resolved many of the challenges he faced.

What is the significance of Johnny's letter in The Outsiders? How does it help with character development and/or supporting the theme of the book?

One of the difficulties that Ponyboy and the other greasers face is the idea that they are stuck where they are, that they don't have the options that the Socs do. Darry is stuck because he has to take care of the other boys, Dally is so dragged down by his rough childhood and criminal record that he can't change his lot in life, Ponyboy expects that he too will end up this way.

But, as he is dying, Johnny sees that it doesn't have to be that way. He interprets the poem to suggest that there is a possibility for any boy, even a greaser like Ponyboy. Johnny's understanding, gained only as he lies on his deathbed, allows Ponyboy to start seeing the same realization. He then begins to write his "theme" in the hopes that people will understand greasers like Dally and respect them instead of looking down on them. This beginning may in fact signal a new beginning for Ponyboy, a way out because if he does a good job he can keep up his grades and save that potential he has.

Johnny's letter from the grave helps Ponyboy move on and opens up that world of possibilities for him.

How does Steinbeck create mood and atmosphere in chapter 2, paragraph 11 of The Pearl?

The passage your question refers to is below: 

"Kino moved cautiously so that the water would not be obscured with mud or sand. He hooked his foot in the loop on his rock and his hands worked quickly, tearing the oysters loose, some singly, others in clusters. He laid them in his basket. In some places the oysters clung to one another so that they came free in lumps."

A few elements of this passage are helpful in suggesting a tone or atmosphere. The first sentence ("Kino moved cautiously...") creates a sense of anticipation, especially as the water is in danger of being "obscured" by particles of sand. This is particularly important in this passage, as Kino is anticipating the discovery of a pearl, but does not yet know what he will find.

In the next sentence, the author describes Kino's actions as "quick," as he "tear[s]" out oysters from the sea. These words suggest Kino's dexterity as a pearl diver, but also his desperation. This is important for creating a tone of urgency at this moment in the book, when Kino is racing to find a pearl that he will be able to sell in order to buy medicine for his dying son.

What was wrong with the No Child Left Behind Act?

There were many problems with the No Child Left Behind Act. In theory, the law sounded like a good idea. No child should get a poor education. Every child should be proficient in learning. Poor schools should be identified. However, in practice, the law had many drawbacks.

One drawback was the amount of testing being done. Students were taking so many tests that they were losing valuable instruction time. Many teachers reporting that the main classroom objective was to pass the tests. Some of the other valuable aspects of teaching, such as inquiry based and project based learning, were being discarded as students spent so much time preparing for and taking the tests.

Another drawback was that a school could be labeled as failing with just a slight shift in test scores. Schools with small populations could be impacted if just a few students didn’t do well on the tests. This could be an issue if new students with limited skills moved to the school. Also, the goal that 100 percent of the students would be proficient by 2013 was unrealistic.

Finally, since some subjects weren’t included in the testing, those subjects truly got left behind. Subjects like Social Studies were suddenly cut way back. In many elementary schools, Social Studies courses weren’t even taught. For some students, it wasn’t until high school that they had a yearlong Social Studies course. Almost all of the money for professional development went to Reading and Math. Teachers stopped attending Social Studies conferences and joining professional Social Studies organizations. While this wasn’t the intent of the law, it was one of the unintended consequences.

The law was one with good intentions. However, in practice, it didn’t work as smoothly or as well as people thought it would work.

How can I understand and write a summary on the prologue by Vincent Harding from the book Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader?

Developing any successful summary revolves around the following steps:

1) Determine a text's main idea (thesis): Whether you are summarizing a paragraph or summarizing an entire essay, a summary revolves around the main idea or main point of a text. In the case of the 34-page prologue of Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader by Vincent Harding, you are summarizing a lengthy essay. Even though the prologue touches on a wide variety of facts and details, they all serve to make one main point. What is that point? Once you know the answer to that, you know the essay's thesis.

*If you're not sure of the text's thesis, review key text features like the title of the essay (in this case, "We The People: The Long Journey Toward a More Perfect Union"), the introduction paragraph, the conclusion paragraph, and any additional information provided. In this text, Harding quotes the preamble of the Constitution, the title alludes to that same document, and the essay is within a book about Civil Rights. Use these text features to help you gain an idea of what the prologue's thesis (or main idea) is. 

2) Use topic sentences for clues: In a lengthy work such as the one you're reviewing, topic sentences are very helpful for determining the key ideas to include in your summary. Many paragraphs will include a topic sentence (usually the first or second sentence of a paragraph). In the text you're summarizing, one of the paragraphs begins with this sentence: "To probe that deeply would bring us to a history of antiblack repression that had possessed the entire South (and too many northern outposts) by the end of the 1870s" (page 4). If you review the remainder of that paragraph, you'll find that it revolves around specific examples of what the author calls "antiblack repression" in the late 19th century and the impact such repression had on society. Thus, that paragraph serves as a good example for how a topic sentence can reveal a paragraph's main point or key idea(s). If you go through a text and identify all of the topic sentences along with a small number of associated facts, you'll have a fair portion of your summary figured out.

*It should be noted that not all paragraphs have clear topic sentences; a paragraph may lack a topic sentence if it relates to a previous paragraph's topic or if the author chose to leave one out. 

3) Leave out extra details: Where appropriate, remove any details that are redundant. For instance, in the paragraph from your text that I mentioned earlier, there are many specific examples of antiblack repression in the late 19th century. Instead of listing all of these elements, select a few and allude to the fact that there are others. Where there are lists, do the same: select some key details and share only those instead of repeating an entire list. Remove any "extra" wording that might be nice in the original text but isn't absolutely necessary for getting the main point(s) across. 

4) Use your own words: A summary should include as little directly quoted material from the original as possible. Paraphrase where you can, and only use direct quotations when the quote is especially significant or restating the idea in other words would create confusion rather than facilitate understanding. 

5) Cobble it together & polish: Once you've figured out the overall text's thesis, you've figured out the key ideas, important details, and necessary facts to support the thesis, you've paraphrased and shortened the text as much as possible, and you've made sure that all the details you included directly connect to the thesis you've identified, it's time to polish. Your summary should be a readable text on its own; it should make sense, it should flow in a logical order, and it should feel complete when you conclude. 

If you follow these steps, you'll have a strong summary of any text, especially informational or expository texts like the one you're trying to summarize.

In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass stresses that killing a slave or colored person is not treated as a crime in Talbot...

In his Narrative, Douglass stresses that killing a slave is not considered a crime in Talbot County, Maryland because he wants to make an ethical and emotional appeal to his audience.  Douglass wants to stress to his audience that slaves are not regarded as humans by slave masters:  he offers the circumstances of his own birth, the whipping of his Aunt Hester, and the betrayal of Mrs. Auld as evidence to show that slave masters only see slaves as less than human.  Simultaneously, Douglass poses himself as a sympathetic figure in his narrative--one who has endured great hardship and has struggled to fight for his own freedom.  The juxtaposition of the slave masters' cruel treatment and the sympathetic nature of Douglass's character allows Douglass to appeal to his audience who, at the time, were mostly white abolitionists working towards dismantling the institution of slavery.

What are some quotes (including page number) about isolation in Of Mice and Men?

Chapter 4 is the "Crooks chapter." His bunk is in the harness room, separated (segregated) from the others who sleep in the bunkhouse. Crooks is ostracized because he is black. He is even excluded from playing cards. Lennie asks why he isn't wanted. Crooks says: 

’Cause I’m black. They play cards in there, but I can’t play because I’m black. They say I stink. Well, I tell you, you all of you stink to me. 

Crooks is very protective of his space and his room. He thinks that if the others don't want him in their space, they have no right in his. As a result, he is isolated and out of spite, embraces that isolation. 

At the end of this chapter, Curley's wife comes into Crooks's room. Candy and Lennie are there as well. This completes the group of isolated misfits. Crooks is racially isolated. Candy is (like his dog) isolated to a smaller degree because he is old and not very useful as a worker. Lennie has been an outcast throughout his life, that is, until George took him under his wing. Curley's wife is the only woman on this ranch and is starved for attention and companionship. When Crooks suggests that she leave, she replies that she is lonely as well. She manages to insult all three of them while simultaneously claiming that she's grateful to have them to talk to: 

Ever’body out doin’ som’pin’. Ever’body! An’ what am I doin’? Standin’ here talkin’ to a bunch of bindle stiffs—a nigger an’ a dum-dum and a lousy ol’ sheep—an’ likin’ it because they ain’t nobody else.” 

How has technology expanded our knowledge about astronomy?

At the dawn of man's existence, all information about astronomy was gained from looking up at the sky. That remained man's only way of gathering astronomical information until the year 1609, when Galileo first used a reflecting telescope to observe the sky. Modeled after other telescopes already invented, Galileo's had a much higher magnification. Afterward, the race was on, and telescopes have been undergoing improvements and modifications ever since--and will continue to into the future.

Sir Isaac Newton invented the first useful reflecting telescope, which used mirrors, instead of glass, to gather and focus light. Early telescopes, such as Newton's, gathered visible light, but later telescopes gathered ultraviolet and infrared light. Later examples observed radio waves, gamma waves, low and high energy X-rays, gamma rays, and even gravitational waves.

Telescope technology continues to evolve. Most people are familiar with the spectacular images from the Hubble telescope, but many people have never even heard of the Compton, Chandra, and Spitzer space telescopes, which together constitute the four instruments in the Great Observatory program. The James Webb Space Telescope (scheduled to be completed in 2018), as tall as a 4 story building and as big as a tennis court, has the capability to image distances so great that it will allow us to observe the very first stars and galaxies formed in our universe. 

Whole areas of astronomy have been opened up as telescope technology has evolved. They have already told us much about very distant objects, but they will also continue to allow us to understand much closer objects. Comet and asteroid seeking telescopes, in particular, may someday help avert disaster here on earth.

Which of the following is NOT a reason solving public problems can be difficult? A. People usually don't have an interest in solving public...

Based on the other choices that are there, yes, I believe that you have it correct.  Choice "A" is not a reason that solving public problems can be difficult.

Although I do think that choice "A" is true for a lot of people.  Assuming that all people have an altruistic spirit that makes them naturally vested in solving public problems is a bad assumption.  There is always going to be a group of people that might recognize the presence of a public problem, but they still have zero desire to solve that problem.  They might not see any personal benefit in solving that problem.  "It doesn't affect me, therefore, why should I care?"  If enough people had that attitude, that would most definitely make solving public problems difficult.  

But like I said before, considering all of the other choices that are there, choice "A" is the best answer to the question.  

Why does Tom come home after running away in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer?

Tom returns home because he found out their families thought they were dead.

Tom and Joe run away because Tom is feeling sorry for himself because he is worried about Betsy.  He runs into Joe, who is also feeling sorry for himself.

Tom is “gloomy and desperate.”  He feels like nothing is going well in his life.  He can’t see Betsy, and he has been depressed.  Aunt Polly keeps trying natural remedies on him to make him feel better.  He got so upset he gave some to the cat.

When Tom is alone, he runs into Joe.

Tom, wiping his eyes with his sleeve, began to blubber out something about a resolution to escape from hard usage and lack of sympathy at home by roaming abroad into the great world never to return; and ended by hoping that Joe would not forget him. (Ch. 13)

Joe, it turns out, is also running away from home. He got in trouble for drinking cream “which he had never tasted and knew nothing about.”  He assumes that his mother is no longer interested in him.

Huck Finn, Tom and Joe steal a raft and camp out on an island.  Huck basically has no family anyway, and the other two are running away from families they consider unworthy.

Tom sneaks back home and listens through the window.  He realizes that their parents think they are dead.  Joe’s mom and Aunt Polly both feel bad about how they treated their boys.

Tom returns, showing up at his own funeral.

First one and then another pair of eyes followed the minister's, and then almost with one impulse the congregation rose and stared while the three dead boys came marching up the aisle … They had been hid in the unused gallery listening to their own funeral sermon! (Ch. 17)

Tom and the others feel very sheepish.  The town is shocked, but their mothers throw themselves on them, kissing them.  The minister calls it a miracle.  They are forgiven for their transgression, because Aunt Polly and Joe's mother are so happy to see them.